Anes/Surgery
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- What are the three phases of healing?
- Exudative phase, collagen phase, maturation phase.
- What is the goal of the healing process?
- To restore the injured tissue to its pre-would condidtion in a short time with a minimal loss of function.
- What is the exudative phase of healing?
- The passage of fluid and cells into tissues or cavities occurs & the initial inflammatory response occurs.
- What are some inflammatory responses?
- Redness, swelling, het, loss of function & pain.
- What is the collagen phase of healing?
- During the beginning of the phase there is not much strengh in the healing area, granulation tissue is made which consists of collagen & new formations of capillaries.
- What is collagen?
- The major protein that binds the cells & tissues together.
- What is the maturation phase of the healing process?
- When the wound is covered with epithelium - contraction occurs in this phase.
- What are 9 factors which can affect the healing process?
- Nutrition, steroids, tissue debris, tissue handling, blood supply, infection, bleeding, foreign materials & motion.
- How can nutrition affect the healing process?
- Protein deficiencies and anemias can retard the healing process.
- How can steroids affect the healing process?
- Corticosteroids can reduce infammation, but also delay healing.
- How can tissue debris affect the healing process?
- The tissue debris must be removed for healing to begin.
- How can tissue handling affect the healing process?
- Tissue must be kept moist. Tissue needs to be handled carefully with the proper instruments.
- How can the blood supply affect the healing process?
- Blood supply is essential for healing to occur. Avoid strangulating the blood supply with tight sutures & bandages or excessive inflammation.
- How can infection affect the healing process?
- It will delay wound healing.
- How can bleeding affect the healing process?
- It can help clean a wound, but pooled blood or blood clots are ideal for bacterial growth & infection.
- How can foreign materials affect the healing process?
- Hair, plant material, glass, etc. should be removed when cleaning a wound or they will remain a source of infection & draining tracts. Suture material should be absorbable or removed when indicated.
- How can motion affect the healing process?
- Excessive motion of the skin around a wound will slow healing.
- What are 5 classifications of wounds?
- Incision, contusion, laceration, puncture & abrasion.
- What is an incision?
- A clean cut with a sharp instrument.
- What is a contusion?
- A bruise or hematoma that is a result of a blow with a blunt object.
- What is a laceration?
- A cut caused by a jagged object (glass, barbed wire, etc.).
- What is a puncture?
- A small, circular skin wound associated with injury to deeper structures as would be seen with a bite or bullet wound.
- What is an abrasion?
- A scraping injury involving the skin.
- What 5 factors need to be assessed when a patient has a wound?
- Animals condition, type of damage, location, cirulation (blood flow) to the wound & how long the wound has been present.
- What is the "Golden period"?
- The first 8 hours after a wound is formed.
- What What 5 factors can affect the golden period?
- Animals age, function, temperament, home environment and the clients ability & willingness to care for the animal.
- What are the 3 categories of wound management?
- First intention healing, second intention healing, third intention healing.
- What is first intention healing?
- Immediate cleaning & suturing. Generally reserved for 'clean' wounds less than 8 hours old that are uncomplicated. Least amount of scarring.
- What is second intention healing?
- Healing through granulation. The most scarring.
- What is third intention healing?
- The wound begins to heal through granulation & then is sutured after healthy granulation tissue is present. An intermediate amount of scarring.
- What are the 5 step for preparing a wound?
- Restraint, cover the wound, clip the hair, clean the skin & lavage the wound.
- What is done during the restraint part of wound prep?
- It depends on the animal and the nature of the wound. Could by physical or chemical.
- What is used to cover the wound during prep?
- Use gauze soaked in sterile saline or water soluble jelly.
- Where do you clip the hair during wound prep?
- Clip around the wound & surrounding areas as you would for surgery.
- How do you clean the skin for wound prep?
- Same as surgery prep. Be careful not to get scrub or alcohol into the wound.
- How do you lavage the wound when preping?
- Remove the wound covering & flush the wound. Common solutions used: sterile saline, LRS or water. Use a 35cc syringe & a 18g needle.
- What are the 3 layers of a bandage?
- Primary, secondary, tertiary.
- What does the primary layer of a bandage consist of?
- It's the contact layer. Usually gauze, but it needs to be sterile, stable & conforming.
- What does the secondary layer of a bandage consist of?
- It's the absorbent layer, it collects & stores discharge. Usually cotton. Must be thick enough so there is no seepage. It also provides cushioning & protection.
- What does the tertiary layer of a bandage consist of?
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It's the protective layer. Usually vet wrap, elasktikon.
This is the outer covering that holds the other layers in place. - What are 10 functions of bandages?
- Absorption, protection, antisepsis, pressure, immobilization, debridement, packing, comfort, information & aesthetics.
- What's the absorption function of a bandage?
- To remove exudate from wound surface.
- What's the protection function of a bandage?
- To prevent further trauma & contamination.
- What's the antisepsis function of a bandage?
- It may contain antibiotics or antiseptics.
- What's the pressure function of a bandage?
- It decreases "dead space" & reduces fluid accumulation; may also provide hemostasis.
- What's the immobilization function of a bandage?
- It decreases pain & rests the wound.
- What's the debridement function of a bandage?
- The adherent primary layer will debride the wound when it's removed.
- What's the packing function of a bandage?
- Deep wounds can be packed with gauze that may be soaked in antiseptic solution.
- What's the comfort function of a bandage?
- It provide immobilization & padding.
- What's the information function of a bandage?
- The condition of a bandage can provide information about the healing process & infection.
- What's the aesthetics function of a bandage?
- Open wounds are unappealing to look at & a bandage also protect the household environment from drainage.
- When should you replace a bandage (visually)?
- When it begins to smell, is wet, slips or is excessively bothers the animal.
- Why do you leave the toes out on a bandage?
- To check for any abnormalities. Cyanosis, swelling or coolness.