bms267 heart
Terms
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- The heart rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of the thoracic cavity in the ___________
- mediastinum
- The pointed end of the heart is the _______
- apex
- The broad portion of the heart opposite the apex is the _______
- base
- The _______ surface is deep to the sternum and ribs
- anterior
- The inferior surface rests mostly on the ________
- diaphram
- The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is the;
- pericardium
- The wall of the heart has three layers:
-
epicardium (visceral layer of the serous pericardium),
myocardium, endocardium - The epicardium consists of _________ and _________
- mesothelium and connective tissue
- The myocardium is composed of ________ ________ _______
- cardiac muscle tissue
- The endocardium consists of __________ and ________ _____
- endothelium and connective tissue
- The heart chambers include two superior chambers, the right and left _______ and two inferior chambers, the right and left _________
-
atria
ventricles - External features of the heart include:
- the auricles (flaps on each atrium by the interatrial septum); the coronary sulcus; the atria and ventricles; and posterior sulci
- This receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
- The right atrium
- The right atrium is separated from the left atrium by the _______ _______
- interatrial septum
- Blood exits the right atrium through the ______ _______
- tricuspid valve
- The right ventricle receives blood from the ______ ______
- Right atrium
- The right ventricle is separated from the left ventricle by the ______ _____
- interventricular septum
- The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the ______ _____ and _____ ____
- pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunk
- Oxygenated blood enters the ______ ______ from the ______ _______ and exits through the _______(mitral)_______
-
left atrium
pulmonary veins
bicuspid valve - The ______ ______ pumps oxygenated blood into the ______ ______ though the ______ _____ and ______
-
left ventricle
systemic circulation
aortic valve
aorta - The thickness of the myocardium of the four chambers varies according to the chamber's function. The ______ ______ has the thickest wall because of its high workload
- left ventricle
- The ______ _______ of the heart is dense connective tissue that surrounds and supports the the valves of the heart
- fibrous skeleton
- Heart valves prevent ________ of blood within the heart
- backflow
- The _______(AV)______, which lie between the atria and ventricles, are the ______ _____ on the right side of the heart and the _______ (mitral)______ on the left
-
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve - The ______ ______ and ______ muscles stabilize the flaps of the AV valves and stop blood from backing into the atria
-
chordae tendineae
papillary - Each of the two arteries tht leaves the heart has a ________ _____ (aortic and pulmonary)
- semilunar valve
- The left side of the heart is the pump for the _______ ________
- systemic circulation
- The circulation of blood throughout the body except for the air sac of the lungs is;
- Systemic circulation
- The left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta, and blood then flows into ______ ______, ______, ________, ________, and ______, which carry it back to the right atrium
- systemic arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
- The right side of the heart is the pump for ______ ______, the circulation of blood through the lungs.
- pulmonary circulation
- The right ventricle ejects blood into the pulmonary trunk, and blood flows into _______ ____, _______ ______, and ______ ______, which carry it back the left atrium.
- pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, and pulmonary veins
- The flow of blood through the heart is called the ______(cardiac)______
- coronary circulation
- The principle arteries of the coronary circulation are the left and right _______ ______
- coronary arteries
- The principle veins ar the ______ vein and the _______ ______
- cardiac vein, coronary sinus
- ______ _____ form the conduction system; these are cardiac muscle fibers that spontaneously generate action potentials
- autorhythmic cells
- components of the conduction system are the ______(SA)_____ (pacemaker),______(AV)_______, ________(AV)_______, _______ _______, and _________ ______(purkine fibers)
-
sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
atrioventricular bundle
bundle branches
conduction myofibers - The record of electrical changes during the course of cardiac cycles is called an ___________(ECG)
- electrocardiogram
- A cardiac cycle consists of ________(contraction) and ______(relaxation) of both artria, and both ventricles
- systole and diastole
- The phases of the cardiac cycle are ________ _____, ________ _____, ________ _____.
- relaxation period, ventricular filling, ventricular systole
- The heart develops from
- mesoderm
- What is the mediastinum?
- The mediastinum is the mass of tissue that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column between the pleurae of the lungs.
- Which layer is both part of the pericardium and a part of the heart wall?
- The visceral layer of the serous pericardium(epicardium) is both a part of the pericardium and a part of the heart wall
- The coronary sulcus forms a boundary between which chambers of the heart?
- The coronary sulcus forms a boundary between the atria and ventricles
- Which chamber has the thickest wall?
- The left ventricle has the thickest wall
- Which component of the fibrous skeleton supports the heart valves?
- The four fibrous rings.
- How do papillary muscles prevent AV valve cusps from everting or swinging upward into the atria?
- The papillary muscles contract, which pulls ont he chordae tendineae and prevents valve cusps from everting.
- Which coronary blood vessel delivers oxygenated blood to the left atrium and left ventricle?
- The circumflex artery delivers oxygenated blood to the left atrium and left ventricle.
- What are the functions of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle fibers?
- The intercalated discs hold the cardiac muscle fibers together ad enable action potentials to propagate from one muscle fiber to another
- Which component of the conduction system provides the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles?
- The only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is the atrioventricular bundle.
- What is the status of the hearts valves during ventricular filling?
- The atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed
- Name two anatomical structures where we find precoreceptors.
- Corotid sinus and aortic arch (ascending aorta)
- Name the nerves carrying afferent fibers.
-
Vagus and glossiopharyngeal
(IX,X) - What structure in the brain do the afferent fibers end?
- Medulla (cardiac center)
- Name 2 nerves which carry efferent fibers?
-
Vagus(parasympathetic)
Cardiac(sympathetic) - Give any example of a conducting artery in the body.
- Ascending aorta or aortic arch,(any part of the aorta) the aorta is the major conducting artery
- Give any example of a distributing artery in the body.
- Brachius cephalic, left subclavian, left common carotid
- What name do we give the smallest arteries?
- arterioles
- What is the major difference in the histology between arteries and veins?
- Arteries are thicker and have elastic fibers
- Give the names of two specific circulatory routes or loops other than systemic.
- Pulmonary and cerebral circulation
- The cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to tendon-like cords called
- chordae tendineae