Assessment Test 3 heart

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precordium: area on anterior chest overlying heart and great vessels
Great vessels: major arteries and veins connected to heart
where is the base found: top of heart
where is the apex found: bottom of heart
what produces apical impulse: apex beating against chest wall
What return unoxgenated venous blood to the right side of the heart?: superior and inferior vena cava
what carries venous blood to lungs: pulmonary arteries
what returns freshly oxygenated blood back to heart: pulmonary veins
pericardium: tough, fibrous, double walled sac
what does the pericardium do?: surrounds and protects the heart
how many layers does the pericardium have?: 2
What is between the two layers of the pericardium?: pericardial fluid
What does pericardial fluid ensure?: smooth, friction-free movement of the heart muscle
What is the myocardium?: the muscular wall of heart
What does the myocardium do?: pumping
What is the endocardium?: thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines inner surface of heart chambers and valves
3 layers of heart: pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
what seperates the four chambers?: valves
What is the main purpose of the valves?: prevent backflow into heart
What valves seperate the atrium and and ventricles: AV valves
What is the right AV valve called?: tricuspid
What is the left AV valve called?: bicuspid or mitral
When do AV valves open?: during filling phase (diastole)
When do the AV valves close?: during pumping phase (systole)
What valves are between the ventricles and arteries?: semilunar valves
What is the rhythmic movement of blood through the heart: cardiac cycle
What is the right semilunar valve called?: pulmonic
What is the left semilunar valve called?: aortic
When do the semilunar valves open?: during pumping (systole)
When do the semilunar valves close?: during filling (diastole)
first step of blood flow: liver to right atrium
When blood leaves the right atrium what valve does it pass through?: tricuspid
After traveling through tricuspid valve where does blood go?: right ventricle
What valve does blood go through when leaving the right ventricle?: pulmonic valve
After the blood travels through the pulmonic valve where does it go?: pulmonary artery
What does the pulmonary artery do?: delivers unoxygenated blood to lungs
Where does blood go after being oxygenated: travels through pulmonary veins to left atrium
What valve does the blood travel through when leaving the left atrium: mitral valve
After blood goes through the mitral valve, where does it go?: left ventricle
Where does blood go when leaving left ventricle: passes through the aortic valve into aorta
What does the aorta do?: delivers oxygenated blood to body
Two phases of cardiac cycle: diastole and systole
What causes S1?: closure of the AV valves
What does the closure of the AV valves signal?: beginning of systole
Where is S1 the loudest?: at the apex
When does S2 occur?: closure of the semilunar valves
What does the closure of the semilunar valves signal?: end of systole
Where is S2 the loudest?: at the base
what is the modifying factor in the development of cardio. disease?: lifestyle
Examples of lifestyles that increase risk of cardio. disease?: smoking, diet, alcohol use, exercise patterns, stress,
Major risk factors of heart disease?: Hypertension, smoking, high LDLS, obesity, diabetes
What is a characteristic of angina?: clenched fist
What is angina?: chest pain
What is dyspnea?: shortness of breath
What is orthopnea?: the need to assume a more upright position to breathe
What must you note with orthopnea?: exact number of pillows used
When would you see cyanosis or pallor?: MI or low cardiac output
When is edema dependent?: heart failure
CVP: central venous pressure
Where can you assess CVP?: jugular veins
What position in the person in to view CVP?: supine at 30-45 degree angle
What do you look for to judge CVP?: point of maximal fluttering
Where do you put the rulers to assess CVP?: one on point of maximal fluttering and the other on the angle of louis,
When is CVP considered abnormal?: when greater than 3cm
When does abnormal CVP occur?: heart failure
What is a heave or lift?: sustained forceful thrusting of ventricle during systole.
PMI: Point of Maximal Impulse
What is the normal size of the apical impulse: 1-2 cm
What is a thrill?: palpable vibration
What does a thrill signify?: turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs
Where is the aortic valve heard?: 2nd right interspace
Where is the pulmonic valve heard?: 2nd left interspace
Where is the tricuspid valve heard?: left lower sternal border
Where is the mitral valve heard?: fifth interspace at around midclavicular line
Where is Erbs Point?: 3rd IC on left side
What does a pulse deficit signal?: weak contraction of ventricles
How do you assess for pulse deficit?: auscultate the apical and radial pulses
What is a murmur?: blowing, swishing sound occuring with turbulent blood flow
How many grades of a murmur are there?: 6
What is grade 1 murmur?: barely audible, quiet room with difficulty
What is a grade 2 murmur: clearly audible, but faint
What is a grade 3 murmur: moderately loud, easy to hear
What is a grade 4 murmur: loud, associated with a thrill palpable to chest wall
What is a grade 5 murmur?: very loud, heard with one corner of steth. lifted off chest wall
What is a grade 6 murmur?: loudest, still heard with entire steth. lifted just off chest wall.
How doe you describe murmur pitch?: high, medium, low
Murmur of mitral stenosis?: rumbling
murmur of aortic stenosis: harsh
When do fetal shunts normally close?: 10-15 hours

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