A&P2 2
Terms
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- Blood
- connective tissue that contains cells and proteins nonexistent in any other connective tissue
- plasma
- liquid containing dissolved substances
- formed elements
- cells and cell fragments in blood
- granulocytes
- white blood cells with grains in the cytoplasm
- agranulocytes
- white blood cells without grains in the cytoplasm
- thrombocytes
- platelets/ cell fragments in the blood
- hematopoiesis
- production of all of the formed elements
- stem cells
- indifferentiated cells that give rise to highly specialized cells
- mesenchyme
- group of stem cells that gives rise to all connective tissue
- pluripotent stem cells
- stem cells that give rise to the formed elements of blood
- biconcave disc
- flexible shape of a erythrocyte consisting of a disc with indentations on the top and bottom
- hemoglobin
- red pigmented molecule in blood
- heme
- iron-containing molecule attached to globins
- globin
- protein strand composing hemoglobin
- Sickle cell anemia
- genetic disorder where one amino acid in any of the globin chains is missing or different, causing the strand to collapse
- thalassemia
- part of a globin or a whole globin is missing in hemoglobin
- erythropoiesis
- production of red blood cells
- reticulocyte count
- count of number of reticulocytes in the blood stream to determine erythrocyte production
- erythropoietin
- a hormone secreted by the kidney which increases erythrocyte production
- agglutinogens
- proteins on the surface of erythrocytes responsible for blood type
- hypoxia
- too much oxygen
- anemia
- disorder that produces hypoxia that is caused by too little of abnormal hemoglobin
- hematocrit
- the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood
- blood doping
- using packaged erythrocytes to increase oxygen supply, typically in athletes
- procrit
- medicine providing the effects of blood doping without the risk of disease
- Major histocompatibility complex proteins
- also called antigens; proteins found on all cells except erythrocytes that identify an individual's own cells
- phagocytosis
- process that gets rid of damaged or infected cells by "eating"
- chemotaxis
- chemical attraction between cells
- diapedesis
- the process of leukocytes migrating through the blood vessel walls into the tissue space
- band
- immature neutrophil
- macrophage
- monocyte that has migrated out of blood into tissue space
- fixed macrophage
- macrophage specialized for one specific tissue space
- wandering macrophages
- macrophages that migrate to where they are needed
- mast cell
- basophil that has migrated into tissue spaces
- heparin
- chemical that in an anti-coagulant and prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- histamine
- extremely chemotaxic chemical that aids with healing
- inflammation
- process that cleans up and protects injury site so healing may occur
- anti-histamine
- chemical that blocks histamine
- differential count
- determines the number of different leukocytes in a total of 100 leukocytes
- leukopoiesis
- production of leukocytes
- thrombopoietin
- hormone that controls the production of thrombocytes
- agglutin
- antibody for an agglutinogen
- agglutination
- clumping of erythrocytes due to the formation of an agglutinogen/agglutinin complex
- antibody
- protein with a 3D shape that allows attachment to form a complex with one specific antigen
- RhoGAM
- medication infected to prevent a mother's production of the d antigen
- albumin
- major plasma protein in establishing osmotic pressure
- fibrinogen
- soluble protein serving role in clot formation
- vascular spasm
- the contraction of the smooth muscle around a damaged blood vessel
- serum
- plasma minus the clotting proteins
- coagulation
- the process of blood clotting
- prothrombinase
- prothrombin activator
- retraction
- the process of shinking and tightening the clot
- fibrinolysis
- the process of dissolving the clot
- Hemophilia
- genetic disorder where an individual lacks a coagulation factor
- Thrombosis
- formation of a clot in an intact vessel
- thrombus
- unnecessary clot
- embolus
- thrombus that has broken loose and entered circulation
- antithrombin
- plasma protein that inhibits thrombin
- citrate
- lab-produced chemical that binds to Ca+ in blood, preventing a clot to form
- streptokinase
- enzyme made by strep throat capable of dissolving clots
- Tissue plasminogen
- tissue enzyme formed in the lab
- hirudin
- extremely potent anti-coagulant chemical secreted by leeches
- pericardium
- covering of the heart
- fibrous pericardium
- outermost layer of the heart
- serous pericardium
- inner layer of the pericardium
- visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- forms the outermost layer of the heart wall
- parietal layer of the serous pericardium
- layer of the heart that lines the fibrous pericardium
- endocardium
- innermost layer of the heart
- myocardium
- middle layer of the heart wall
- epicardium
- outermost layer of the heart wall
- Atria
- uppermost chambers of the heart
- ventricles
- lower chambers of the heart
- auricles
- appendages attached to the uppermost surface of the heart
- interatrial septum
- separation between the two atria
- interventricular septum
- separation between the two ventricle
- fossa ovalis
- remnant of the foramen ovale in the interatrial septum
- coronary sulcus
- groove that divides the atria and ventricles
- anterior interventricular sulcus
- groove on the anterior surface of the heart dividing left and right
- posterior interventricular sulcus
- groove on the posterior surface of the heart dividing left and right
- aorta
- very large artery that travels from the heart through the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
- cardiac cycle
- the alternating, rhythmic contractions of the atria and ventricles
- atrioventricular valve
- valve located between the atria and ventricles that prevents the backflow of blood into the atria
- semilunar valve
- valve between the ventricles and veins to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
- tricuspid valve
- valve formed by three flaps of tissue
- chordae tendineae
- chords of connective tissue that exted between cusps and papillary muscles found in the wall of the ventricle
- bicuspid valve
- valve composed of two flaps of connective tissue
- cardiac muscle fiber
- short, fat, branched, striated, involuntary muscle that makes up the myocardium
- gap junction
- opening between adjacent cell fibers
- sinoatrial node
- component of the conduction system which sets the rate of the heart
- electrocardiogram
- the recording of the waves of depolarization and repolarization from the surface of the heart
- P wave
- small upward curve on an electrocardiogram
- QRS complex
- curve that begins downward, travels very high, and then returns downward on an electrocardiogram
- T wave
- small dome-shaped wave on an electrocardiogram
- arrhythmias
- variations in the normal heartbeat
- first-degree heart block
- heart problem involving slowing of the heart beat
- second-degree heart block
- heart problem when the ventricles miss a beat
- third degree heart beat
- heart problem involvin a complete separation of atrial and ventricular activity
- systole
- contraction
- diastole
- relaxation
- cardiac output
- the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle to the aorta per minute
- stroke volume
- amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle to the aorta per contraction
- Starling's law of the heart
- the length of a cardiac muscle fiber determines its force of contraction
- heart murmur
- abnormal heart sound
- anastomoses
- blood vessels that communicate between arteries
- ischemia
- a blockage in the coronary blood vessel
- infarction
- the tissue beyond the blockage is dying
- angina
- the pain associated with reduced blood flow to the myocardium
- vagal tone
- the fact that the heart beats stightly slower at rest
- carotid sinus reflex
- sensory info that helps to maintain blood pressure in the brain
- aortic reflex
- sensory info that helps to maintain systemic blood pressure
- right heart reflex
- sensory info that controls venous blood pressure
- epinephrine
- hormone that mimics the sympathetic nervous system but also increases the rate and force of contraction
- thyroxin
- hormone that has the aility to increase rate and force of contraction
- hypocalcemia
- not enough calcium ions
- hypercalcemia
- too much calcium ions
- hypokalemia
- not enough potassium ions
- hyperkalemia
- too many potassium ions
- hypernatremia
- too much sodium ions
- tunica interna
- most internal layer of a blood vessel wall
- tunica media
- middle layer of a blood vessel wall
- tunica externa/adventitia
- outermost layer of a blood vessel
- vasovasorum
- blood vessels that serve other blood vessels
- arteries
- blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart
- elastic arteries
- the largest, thickest arteries that are closest to the heart
- muscular arteries
- medium sized arteries
- arterioles
- smallest arteries
- capillary
- blood vessel that permits the exchange of materials
- capillary bed
- group of capillaries arising in one particular region
- precapillary sphincter
- valve-like structure capable of regulating blood flow through the capillary
- fenestration
- slit-like openings in the capillary wall
- sinusoids
- highly modified capillaries with large, irregularly-shaped lumen
- veins
- blood vessels that transport blood to the heart
- venule
- smallest vein
- vascular/venous sinuses
- vein with a thin layer of endothelium, no smooth muscle, and a layer of connective tissue composing the tunica media and externa
- skeletal muscle pumps
- bundles of muscle surrounding the vessel that squeezes the vein and pushes blood
- respiratory muscle pumps
- the process of the diaphragm moving blood while relaxing
- arterial pulse
- alternating expansion and recoil of arteries caused by contraction and relaxation of the ventricles
- arteriosclerosis
- thickening of the arterial wall, creating loss of elasticity
- atherosclerosis
- plaque deposits, thickening the wall of the artery
- anneurism
- soft/weak spot in a blood vessel wall
- varicose veins
- occur when the valves in veins fail to work
- blood distribution
- where blood is located in blood vessels
- venoconstriction
- the process of veins getting smaller in sympathetic reactions
- capillary dynamics
- how the exchange between blood and tissue occurs
- diffusion
- movement based on a concentration gradient
- transcytosis
- moves small amounts of materials and large insoluble lipids across the capillary wall
- bulk process
- passive process involving moving water, ions, and other solutes across a capillary wall
- filtration
- moves material out of the capillary
- reabsorption
- moves material into the capillary
- blood hydrostatic pressure
- pressure inside a vessel walls
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- pressure against the outside of a vessel wall
- blood osmotic pressure
- pulls water into cell
- interstital osmotic pressure
- pulls water out of the cell
- blood flow
- volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given period of time
- velocity
- speed of blood flow
- resistance
- opposition to blood flow
- blood pressure
- hydrostatic pressure exerted on the wall of the vessel
- systolic pressure
- pressure peak occurring during ventricular contraction
- diastolic pressure
- pressure low occurring rest prior to ventricular contraction
- systemic vascular resistance
- refers to all the vascular resistance produced in systemic blood vessels
- peripheral resistance
- resistance to blood flow primarily in the limbs
- vasomotor center
- controls tonic contractions in smooth muscle of blood vessel wall
- hypercapnia
- too much carbon dioxide
- acidosis
- too many hydrogen ions
- Antidiuretic hormone
- hormone that causes vasoconstriction and secreted during hemorrhaging
- renin
- enzyme secreted by the kidney in response to a drop in blood pressure
- angiotensin
- plasma protein made by the liver
- aldosterone
- hormone made by the adrenal cortex
- atrial-natriuretic peptide
- hormone secreted by certain cells in the wall of the atria
- anaphalaxis
- the disorder when histamine is released body wide
- autoregulation
- local automatic adjustment of blood flow to a specific region
- shock
- the failure of the cardiovascular system to diliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet body demand
- hypovolemic shock
- too little volume of blood
- cardiogenic shock
- poor heart function
- vascular shock
- inappropriate vasodilation
- anaphylactic shock
- type of vascular shock where histamine is released body-wide
- obstructive shock
- blockage prevents blood flow through a tissue or region
- hepatic artery
- branch of the abdominal aorta that brings oxygenated blood to the liver
- hepatic portal vein
- formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein that drains CO2 rich blood from the digestive tube into the liver
- hepatic vein
- drains all the blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava
- placenta
- disc-shaped structure embedded in the wall of the uterus that contains thousands of baby capillaries
- umbilical cord
- extends between the placenta and fetus and contains blood vessels
- umbilical vein
- runs from placenta to fetus and is high in oxygen
- umbilical arteries
- run fetus to placenta
- foramen ovale
- opening in the interarterial sulcus
- ductus arteriosus
- blood vessel between pulmonary trunk and aorta
- internal and external iliac arteries
- vessels that branch from the common iliac arteries