Cardiac 2
Terms
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- Normal cardiac output
- 5000 mL/minute
- Normal stroke volume
- 70 mL/stroke (contraction)
- Cardiac output can increase _____ times during exercise, as a result of increases in _____ and _____
-
five
heart rate
stroke volume - three layers of the heart
-
Endocardium - innermost layer, endothelial tissue that lines the inner chambers and the heart valves.
Myocardium - middle layer, striated muscle fibers that form interlaced bundles, this is the actual contracting muscle of the heart.
Epicardium (aka visceral pericardium) - covers the outer surface of the heart, adheres closely to the heart and to the first several centimeters of the pulmonary artery and aorta. - Endocardium
- Endocardium - innermost layer of the heart, endothelial tissue that lines the inner chambers and the heart valves
- Myocardium
- Myocardium - middle layer of the heart, striated muscle fibers that form interlaced bundles, this is the actual contracting muscle of the heart.
- Epicardium
- Epicardium (aka visceral pericardium) - covers the outer surface of the heart, adheres closely to the heart and to the first several centimeters of the pulmonary artery and aorta.
- Epicardium is also known as _____ _____
- visceral pericardium
- The pericardium _____ the _____ _____; is a _______________. Attached anteriorly to the _____, posteriorly to the _____ _____, and inferiorly to the _____.
- Encases the visceral pericardium (epicardium); is a tough, loose-fitting, fibrous outer membrane that is attached anteriorly to the lower half of the sternum, posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae and inferiorly to the diaphragm.
- Pericardial space
- space between the pericardium (tough, loose-fitting, fibrous outer membrane) and the visceral pericardium (aka epicardium) (covers the outer surface of the heart, adheres closely to the heart)
- Pericardial space holds _____ mL of pericardial fluid.
- 5 to 20 mL
- Cardiac tamponade is _____ and it _____ the filling of the ventricles.
-
excessive fluid accumulation
diminish - Regurgitant/insufficient valves are _____.
- leaky
- Stiff heart valves are _____ and they cannot _____ _____.
-
"stenotic"
open completely. - Between the pericardium and the visceral pericardium (epicardium) is the _____ _____.
- pericardial space
- RIGHT atrium of the heart: Receives __________ from the __________ and __________. Blood passes to the __________.
-
receives deoxygenated systemic blood
from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
blood passes to the right ventricle - LEFT atrium of the heart: Receives __________ from the __________. Blood passes to the __________.
-
Receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs
Blood passes to the left ventricle - RIGHT ventricle of the heart: Receives blood from the __________ via the __________. Pumps blood to the __________.
-
receives blood from the right atrium VIA the tricuspid valve
pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation - LEFT ventricle of the heart: Receives blood from the __________ via the __________. Pumps blood to the __________.
-
receives blood from the left atrium VIA the bicuspid valve
pumps blood to the systemic circulation - The heart consists of 4 chambers: _____, _____, _____, and _____.
- The heart consists of 4 chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
- Right atrium receives blood from _____ and _____.
- Right atrium receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava.
- Blood flows from right atrium, across _____ valve, into _____.
- Blood flows from right atrium, across tricuspid valve, into right ventricle.
- Muscle of _____ ventricle is not as thick as _____ ventricle.
- Muscle of right ventricle is not as thick as left ventricle.
- Blood enters _____ from right ventricle. Backflow prevented by _____ valve.
- Blood enters pulmonary artery from right ventricle. Backflow prevented by semilunar pulmonic valve.
- Blood returns to heart from lungs via _____ that enter _____ atrium.
- Blood returns to heart from lungs via 4 pulmonary veins that enter left atrium.
- Blood flows from left atrium, across _____ valve, into _____.
- Blood flows from left atrium, across mitral valve, into left ventricle.
- _____ has a thick muscular wall and generates high pressures during contraction.
- Left ventricle has a thick muscular wall / generate high pressures during contraction.
- Blood from left ventricle is ejected across _____ valve, into _____.
- Blood from left ventricle is ejected across aortic valve, into aorta.
- Atrioventricular AV valves are _____ and _____ valves.
- Atrioventricular AV valves are tricuspid and mitral valves.
- Semilunar valves are _____ and _____ valves.
- Semilunar valves are pulmonic and aortic valves.
- _____ receive blood from veins and store it prior to each contraction.
- Atria receive blood from veins and store it prior to each contraction (heart beat).
- Right atrium receives blood from main body veins called _____.
- Right atrium receives blood from main body veins called "vena cava"
- Superior vena cava (SVC) carries blood from _____, _____, and _____.
- Superior vena cava (SVC) carries blood from head, upper chest and arms.
- Inferior vena cava (IVC) carries blood from _____. _____, and _____.
- Inferior vena cava (IVC) carries blood from lower chest, abdomen and legs.
- Left atrium receives blood from lungs via 4 separate _____.
- Left atrium receives blood from lungs via 4 separate pulmonary veins.
- Systole refers to a period of _____ by heart muscle.
- Systole refers to a period of contraction by heart muscle.
- Diastole refers to a period of _____ by heart muscle.
- Diastole refers to a period of relaxation by heart muscle.
- Both atria _____ and push stored blood across _____ valves into _____, to help fill them.
- Both atria contract and push stored blood across AV valves into ventricles, to help fill them.
- _____ valve is located between left atrium and left ventricle.
- Mitral valve located between left atrium and left ventricle.
- _____ valve is between right atrium and right ventricle.
- Tricuspid valve is between right atrium and right ventricle.
- Atrial systole: Both _____ contract and push stored blood across _____ valves into _____, to help fill them; this reduces the volume of _____ and _____ pressure.
- Atrial systole: Both atria contract and push stored blood across AV (mitral and tricuspid) valves into ventricles, to help fill them; this reduces the volume of atria and increases pressure.
- After atria contracts, _____ begin to contract.
- After atria contracts, ventricles begin to contract.
- When pressure in ventricles increases, blood is forced against _____ valves.
- When pressure in ventricles increases, blood is forced against AV valves.
- During ventricular contraction (systole), the AV valves _____ to prevent backflow → _____ heart sound. This _____ pressure in the ventricles.
- During ventricular contraction (systole), the AV valves _____ to prevent backflow → _____ heart sound. This decreases pressure in the ventricles.
- Blood is ejected into arteries through _____ and _____ valves.
- Blood is ejected into arteries through aortic and pulmonary (semilunar) valves.