Hematology exam 1
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- The pH of blood is
- 7.35-7.45
- The normal temperature of blood is
- 38°C
- The specific gravity of blood is
- 1.056-1.061
- The functional role of the nucleus is
- to control and direct the development, function and division of the cell
- The functional role of the cytoplasm
- soluble portion of the cell where most of the cell's metabolic reactions take place
- The functional role of the nucleolus is
- site for sythesis of ribosomal RNA
- The functional role of the Golgi body is
- site for concentration and secretion of granuals and the separation of carbohydrate components into other cellular components
- The functional role of endoplasmic reticulum, both smooth and rough
-
interconnects cavietes of cell
Smooth: agranular site for synthesis of lipids
Rough: contains ribosomes or granules associated with protein production - The functional role of ribosomes
- active protein synthesis, in RBC site of hemoglobin synthesis
- The functional role of mitochondria
- main site of energy production for the cell
- The functional role of lysosomes
- contain hydrolitci enzymes used in phagocytosis. capable of breakdown of cell walls
- The fucntional role of microfilaments
- components of cytoplasmic cytoskeleton that allow plasma membrane to contact and pinch for phagocytosis
- The functional role of microtubules
- associated with mitotic spindle. Used for self-assembly of microfilaments to provide cell shape
- The functional role of the centriole
- serve as point of insertion of spindle fibers during cell division
- Heterochromatin
- densely packed chromatin near histone
- Euchromatin
- uncoiled DNA strands within the nucleus
- Anaplasia
- highly pleomorphic and bizarre cytologic features associated with malignant tumors
- Atrophy
- decrease in number and size of cless that can lead to decrease in organ size or tissue mass
- Dysplasia
- abnormal cytologic features and cellular organization that is a premalignant change
- Hyperplasia
- increase in number of cells
- hypertrophy
- increase in size of the cell that can lead to increase in organ or tissue size
- metaplasia
- change from one adult cell type to another
- Hematopoesis
- formation, development, and specialization of all functional blood cells
- Location for hematopoesis in first trimester
- yolk sac
- cellularity of bone marrow
- 30-70%
- bone region with highest % of bone marrow
- pelvis
- normal ranges for cells in bone marrow
-
myeloid 60-70%
Erythroid 20%
Lymphocyte 10-15%
Plasma cells 2% - normal myeloid to erythroid ratio in normal bone marrow
- 2.5-4:1
- six properties of totipotential stem cell
-
1)capable of unlimited self renewal
2) capable of unlimited differentiation
3) low mitotic rate
4)highly resistant to chemotherapy
5) present in small numbers
6)reside primarily in marrow - major differences between totipotential and multipotential stem cells
- multipotential stem cells are capable of extended self renewal and extended differentiation as opposed to the unlimited potential of totipotential cells
- Progenitor cells
- Differentiate into precursor cells, are responsive to hematopoietic growth factors and express differentiation antigens
- Effector cells
- red cells, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets
- granulocyte maturation pathway from precursor to mature cell
- myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, neutrophil
- red blood cell maturation pathway from precursor to mature cell
- rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
- erythropoiesis
- creation of RBCs for oxygen and waste transport
- function of GM-CSF
- stimulate production of granulocytes and monocytes
- function of G-CSF
- primarily, but not exclusively, stimulates production of granulocytes
- stem cell factor
- stimulate totipotential, pluripotential stem cells to enter differentiation pathway
- interleukins
- mediate complex communications between classes of WBCs and WBC effect on hematopoeisis
- extramedullary hematopoietic tissues
- lymph nodes, thymus, lungs, gastrointestinal, liver, urinary tract, reproductive organs
- dynamic equilibrium of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells
- at any one time 50% of granulocytes are in blood and 50% in storage, RBCs 100% in blood and platelets 70% blood 30% storage. Can be changed in times of need
- maturation time from Rubriblast to Erythrocyte
- 3-5 days
- rubriblast
-
14-19 μm
N:C= 4:1 - prorubricyte
-
12-17 μm
N:C= 4:1 - rubricyte
-
12-15 μm
N:C= 4:1 - metarubricyte
-
8-12 μm
N:C= 1:1 - reticulocyte
-
7-10 μm
N:C= N/A - erythrocyte
-
6-8 μm
N:C=N/A - integral protein
- transverse the membrane, made up of glycophorin, contains blood group antigens
- peripheral proteins
- part of cytoskeleton, under the membrane, made up of spectrin and others
- Names and examples of integral and peripheral proteins
-
integral: glycophorin A,B,C
peripheral: spectrin, band 4/1, Actin, Ankyrin - phospholipid bilayer of RBC membrane
-
~40% lipid
~50% protein
~10% carbohydrate - 3 basic functions of RBC membrane
-
1) separate intracellular from extracellular
2) allow nutrient and ion passage selectively in and out of cell
3) allow cell to deform when required - Role of carbohydrates and proteins in RBC membrane
-
carbohydrates: associated with lipids and proteins mostly on outside of cell.
proteins: peripheral and integral proteins form cytoskeleton, carry antigens, are anchoring sites depending on location - phospholipids associated with the RBC membrane
-
phosphatidyl choline: probably control point in lipid renewal pathway
phosphatidyl ethanolamine, serine: on outside of cell cascade is activated as well as extravascular hemolysis - pathological conditions associated with too much cholesterol on the RBC membrane
- liver disease, lipid disorders, chronic hemolitic anemia
- role of cholesterol in RBC membrane
- affects survace area, regulates membrane fluidity and permeability, responsible for passive cation permeability of membrane
- functions of RBC membrane proteins: integral
- integral proteins: ion channels, membrane pumps, structural support in association with peripheral proteins. connect outer surface and cytoplasm. Glycophorin A, B, C and band 3
- intracellular to extracellular ratios of Na, K, Ca, MG
-
I E
Na 5.4-7 135-145
K 98-106 3.6-5.0
Ca .0059-.019 21-26.5
Mg 3.06 .65-1.05 - functions of RBC membrane proteins: peripheral
- provide structural support and fluidity to RBC membrane. Spectrin, Actin, Ankyrin, band 4.1 &4.2, Band 6, Adducin
- major functions of Embden-Meyerhof pathway
- maintain adequate energy level in form of ATP, drives cation pumps that maintain RBC structure and function
- major functions of Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
- prevent injury from oxidative factors, provides reducing power to protect Hgb & RBC membrane from oxidant injury
- major function of Methemoglobin Reductase pathway
- maintain Hgb in reduced state
- Major fucntion of Rapapart-Leubering Pathway
- production of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
- components of hemoglobin
-
protein globin (2 dimers of 2 different polypeptide chains)
4 molecules of protoporpyrin IX
4 iron atoms in ferrous state that combine with protoporphyrin IX to form 4 heme molecules
1 2,3 DPG molecule as occasional resident in hemoglobin molecule - role of 2,3 DPG in molecule of hemoglobin
- regulates hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. needed in tissues to cause Oâ‚‚to release from hemoglobin