A&P Chpts. 11-16,18,and 20-22 (for final)
Terms
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- What is the normal amount of blood in the body?
-
4 to 6 liters
Females contains less because of size. - Blood that is bright red comes from where? Why is is bright red?
-
An artery.
Because of the high oxygen. -
Blood that is dark red comes from where?
Why is it dark red? -
A vein or (Venous blood)
Because it is low in pH and high in C02. - The normal pH range of blood is between.
- 7.35 to 7.45
- Plasma is the liquid part of blood and is approximately what percentage of water.
- 91%.
- What are the three kinds of blood cells?
-
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
White Blood Cells and
Platelets - Tissue is responsible for the formation of...
- Red Bone Marrow, Lymphatic tissue, Lymph nodes and Thymus gland.
- Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin, which gives them the ability to transport...
- oxygen.
- What are the four blood types?
- A, B, AB, and O
- Of the four blood types, which is the Universal Recipient and which is the Universal Doner?
-
AB is the Universal Recipient
O is the Universal Doner - What does the term negative refer to in blood types?
- Rh factor.
- People whoes RBCs have the Rh antigen are...
- Rh+
-
Complete the following:
Red Blood cells ___ ___the blood stream.
White Blood cells ___ ___ the blood stream. -
stay in
move out -
Complete the follow:
Each person's heart is the size of their
_______.
The heart chamber holds how much blood? -
fist /
less than a cup - The sack surrounding the heart is called the _____________.
- Percardium
- Describe the Cardio Pulmonary Circulation.
- Superior(blood from upper body) and Inferior( blood from lower body) vena cava -->RT Atrium --> RT Ventricle --> Pulmonary Arteries --> Lungs --> Pulmonary Veins --> LT Atrium --> LT Ventricle --> Aorta --> Body
- Where in the body is CO2(carbon dioxide) and H20(oxygen) exchanged?
- In the lungs
-
What artery is the only artery that
de-oxygenates blood? - Pulmonary Artery
- What veins are the only veins that carries oxygenated blood?
- Pulmonary Veins
- What is the function of the Mitral Valve(bicuspid)?
- Prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts.
- The left atrium also has an endocine function. What endocrine hormone is used and what is its function?
-
ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone).
decrease the reabsorption of water and sodium. - What part of the heart would most likely be the cause of a Heart Attack?
- Left Ventricle
- Which side of the heart is more muscular?
- Left side.
- What is the most important part of the heart?
- Left ventricle.
- What is a heart attack?
- Oxygen and nutrient abnormality. Obstruction of a major coronary artery.
- What happens if the right coronary artery(a major artery) is blocked?
- The SA node (sinatrial node) is damaged.
- What specialized group of muscle cells is named the natural pacemaker of the heart?
- SA node
-
Complete the following:
An EKG shows only the ____ side of the heart. - left
- What part of the heart causes the "Thump" sound?
- Aortic semilunar valve
- What separates the two chambers of the heart?
- Interventricular septum
- What part of the heart is named the "widow maker" if blocked?
- Left coronary vein
- What part of the heart controls the blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
- Tricuspid valve
- What are the 3 layers that enclose the heart?
- Pericardial Membranes
- What is the heart rate of a healthy adult?
- 60 to 80 beats per min.
- Explain the heart sounds and how they are made.
-
The heart beat makes a lub-dup sound every two seconds.
The first sound is created by closure of the AV valves.
The second sound is created by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves. - Where is the heart located and what does it do?
-
The heart is located between the lungs and the thoracic cavity.
It pumps blood to create blood pressure, and circulate oxygen, nutrients and other substances. - What year was it known about the blood vessel in the circulation of blood?
- Year 1628
-
Complete the following:
Small arteries are called?_________
Small veins are called?__________
Anastomosis is ____________.
Purpose of capillaries is to __________. -
arterioles
venules
connecting or joining of
carry blood from arterioles to venules. - Another name for the aorta.
- Super highway
- Another name for the arterioles.
- "Side streets"
- Two major pathways of circulation.
- Pulmonary and Systemic.
- What is systemic circulation?
- All other circulation except Pulmonary.
- Explain the "circle of Willis and how serious it is.
-
A circle of blood vessels in the brain--Brain Circulation.
a rupture at any point causes instant death. - What is meaning of blood pressure (BP)?
- The force of blood exerted against the walls.
- Explain Systolic and Diastolic Pressure.
-
Sytolic Pressure
-should alway be higher of the two
-should never be <- 100
-should never be -> 140
Diastolic Pressure:
-should never be <- 60
-should never be -> 88 (90 is danger) - What is consider a normal blood pressure?
-
120/80, which gives a pulse pressure of 40.
Note: normals in medicine are very
in-exact. - What is meant by blood Profusion?
- Low BP cannot be maintaine with ongoing medication.
- What is a vaccine?
- An injection to prevent disease.
- What is an allergy?
- Hypersensitive activtiy to an antigen.
- When is Passive Immunity used.
-
When time is of the essense.
(person is given an antibodi) - When Active Immunity used?
- For long-term prevention. (giving a person the antigen, forces them to make their own antibodi).
- Describe the Respiratory System.
-
Like an upside down tree trunk.
Trachea, bronchi (right and left), bronchials, alveoli - Explain the significance of the diaphagm.
- It creates active breathing. If it is paralyzed-not able to breath. It makes the whole respiratory system work.
- What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands and where are they located?
-
Parotid glands - just below and in front of the ears.
Submandibular glands - at the posterior coners of the mandible.
Sublingual glands - below the floor of the mouth. - What are the digestive organs and where are the located?
-
Salivary glands - Oral cavity (mouth)
Stomach - between esophagus and small intestine
Liver - upper right/center of abdominal cavity
Pancreas - upper left abdominal cavity
Small intestines - abdominal cavity - What is External Respiration and Internal Respiration?
-
External - act of breathing
Internal - cells absorb the oxygen from the blood stream - What is the function of Acidosis?
- Measures the acid in blood; a result of to much CO2.
- What is the function of Alkalosis?
- Measures the bicarbonate in the blood; a result of not enough C02.
- What is function of the liver?
-
To release bile for the body to digest fat released into the hepatic duct.
LIVER-hepatic duct and GALLBLADDER- cystic duct connects to the COMMON BILE DUCT which goes to the DUODENUM. -
Complete the following:
All nutrients are absorbed in the ______
_______. - small intestine.
- Ulcers are caused by _________, not stress.
- h-plyor
- Trace the flow of urine.
- Formation--> kidney-->ureter-->urinary bladder--> urethra
- What is the function of the urinary meadus?
- Closes and keeps the system sterile.
- What is the meaning of metabolism?
- The rate at which the body burns fuel.
- What hormones affect water reabsorption?
- ADH, ANH, aldostrone
- Identify the female reproductive system.
- Ovaries-->Fallopian tubes-->Uretus-->Cervix-->Vagina
- What is Genotype and Phenotype?
-
Genotype - what is inherited (makeup)
Phenotype - apperance