Clin. Med.

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What is Edema?: -too much fluid between cells
Anasarca: severe generalized edema
hydro: prefix for edema
ex. hydrothorax
Causes of Edema: 1. increased intravascular hydrostatic forces
2. loss of vascular osmotic forces
3. compromised endothelial cell function
4. compromised lymphatic channel func
5. sodium retention
snow ball effect: protein loss leading to edema resulting in a loss of intravascular fluid to the interstitial space leading to hypovolemia leading to salt and water retention by kidney and more edema
What is hyperemia?: -increase in arterial input
-increase volume of blood in vessels
What is congestion?: -decrease venous outflow
-backup of blood
What does hemorrhage mean?: -loss of blood from the intravascular space due to rupture of blood vessel
What causes hemorrhage?: -trauma (raquetball)
-congenital
-necrosis
What are the types of hemorrhages?: External and internal (may use proteins and iron over again)
What is an example of an external hemorrhage?: -bleeding nose
-hemorrhage of the GI tract
Hematoma: accumulation of blood in tissues
What is an example of a hematoma?: a bruise
What happens to a hematoma?: it can calcify
What is a hemorrhage of the skin called?: hematoma
What are the two different sizes of a hematoma?: -petechaie (pencil sz): less than 5mm in diameter
-ecchymosiss: more than 5mm in diameter
significance of a hemorrhage depends on ...: 1. how much blood is loss
2. rate of blood
3. location
what is the percentage of blood loss needed to cause a problem?: 20%
What results from slow blood loss?: -taking aspirin daily
-syncope due to blood loss
-blackfan-diamond syndrome
What does Hemostasis mean?: cessation of blood
why does hemostasis occur?: -vasoconstriction
-release of clotting factors
-clotting cascade
what does thrombosis mean?: -formation of a clot
What is thrombosis the main cause of?: -stroke
-heart attack
What happens when you have abnormal thrombosis formation?: 1. endothelial injury
2. statis and turbulensce
3. hypercoagulable state
What is an embolism?: a mass that shouldn't be in the cardiovascular system
What is thromboembolism?: mass due to a blood clot
what is an infarction?: an area undergoing necrosis due to loss of arterial supply or venous drainage
What are the largest % of infarcts due to?: thromboembolism and thrombosis
Define shock: lack of blood supply to a tissue
What does shock lead to?: hypoxic injury (lack of oxygen)
Symptoms of shock patients: -hypotension (low b.p.)
-ashen grew color
-cool clammy skin
-weak rapid pulse
-increased respiratory rate
-body says not enough oxygen
cardiogenic shock: -hear pump failure
-can't pump enough blood to the tissues and especially the vital organs
hypovolemic shock: -due to hemorrhage
-diarrhea and vomiting in children
-acute
Septic Shock: -grame negative bacteria
-infection of bloodsteam (septicemia)
Neurogenic Shock: -simple fainting
-fainting
-triggered by emotions
-b.p. is low
anaphylactic shock: -due to allergic reaction
-may be due to insect stings
Irreversible Shock: -may follow any form of shock and if the shock is reversed, death will ensue
-due to a vital organ that can't be repaired
-pt will probably die

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