Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Terms
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- HINDBRAIN (3)
- comprised of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
- MEDULLA
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coordinates swallowing, coughing, sneezing, breathing, heartbeat, and BP
damage is often fatal - PONS
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connects 2 halves of cerebellum
helps integration of movements to right and left sides - CEREBELLUM
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(little brain) important for balance and posture.
works with basal ganglia & motor cortex to coordinate refined motor movements
implicated in sensorimotor learning and ability to shift one stimulus to another
SMALLER THAN NORMAL HAS BEEN LINKED TO AUTISM - DAMAGE TO CEREBELLUM
- ataxia: slurred speech, severe tremors and loss of balance
- MIDBRAIN
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reticular formation: extends from spinal cord thru hindbrain and midbrain into hypothalamus. incl. respiration, coughing,vomiting, posture, locomation and REM sleep
DAMAGE: disrupts sleep-wake cycle and can produce permanent coma-like state of sleep. - RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
- vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness.
- FOREBRAIN (2)
- diencephalon & telencephalon
- DIENCEPHALON (2)
- thalamus & hypothalamus
- TELENCEPHALON(3)
- basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex
- THALAMUS
- relay station, transmits incoming snesory info to areas of cortex for all senses except olfactory (which goes to amygdala directly)
- FUNCTIONS OF THALAMUS
- relay station, motor activity, language, & memory
- WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME
- atrophy of neurons in thalamus & hypothalamus. caused by thiamine deficiency as result of alcoholism. severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amensia, and confabulation.
- ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
- new events not stored in long term memory, can't recall new events, but can recall past
- RETROGRADE AMNESIA
- can recall new events, but can't recall sections of the past.
- CONFABULATION
- creating memories to replace one that a person can't retrieve
- FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
- one of smallest brain structures but vital to hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement and emotional rxs. monitors body's internal states
- DAMAGE TO HYPOTHALAMUS
- can cause uncontrollable laughter, intense rage, aggression.
- SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
- located in hypothalamus and mediates sleep-wake cycle and circadian rythms. may be involved with SAD
- BASAL GANGLIA
- incl. caudate nucleus, ptamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra
- FUNCTION BASAL GANGLIA
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planning, organizing, coodinating vountary movement
and regulating amplitude and direction of motor activity, sensorimotor learning, smiling when happy, frowning when sad, runing when afraid. - DISORDERS OF BASAL GANGLIA
- Huntington's, Parkinson's, Tourette's, mania, depression, OCD, psychosis
- PARTS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM (4)
- amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
- FUNCTION OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
- mediation of emotional
- AMYGDALA
- integrates, coodinates, directs motivational and emotional states. attaches emotions to memories, involved in recall of emotionally charged experiences.
- KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME
- 1st described in monkeys. results in docile behavior, apathy, hyperphagia (overeating)hypersexuality, & agnosias ( an inability to recognize the significance or meaning of events or objects
- FUNCTION OF SEPTUM
- exerts inhibitory effect on emotions
- SEPTAL RAGE
- lesions on the septum increase heightened emotional states and vicious behaviors
- FUNCTION OF CINGULATE GYRUS
- satisfaction center, responsible for feelings of satisfaction re: eating, sex, and pain response. removal of parts of this results in alleviating or reducing intense, chronic pain
- FUNCTION OF HIPPOCAMPUS
- ass/w learning and memory. processes spatial, visual, verbal information, and converting short term memory to long term.
- REMOVAL OF HIPPOCAMPUS
- to tx. severe epilepsy. anterograde and retrograde amnesia for events up to 3 yrs prior to surgery