Human Geography 1-32
Terms
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- annexation
- the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity
- antarctica
- Has territorial claims for seven countries. These claims have not been pressed because of the Antarctica Treaty of 1959. It has neither an established government nor a permanent population so it is not a state
- apartheid
- system of racial segregation peculiar to the Republic of South Africa, the legal basis of which was largely repealed in 1991–92
- balkanization
- the process of fragmentation or division of a region into smaller regions that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other.
- border landscape
- - Features specific or particular to a region’s border with a neighbor, can consist of fences, large tracts of bare land etc. Topography of the area around the border of a territory.
- boundary dispute- positional/definitional
- when states disagree about the legal documents that define a boundary and/or the way it was delimited.
- boundary dispute- territorial allocational
- When each of the states has come justification for claim to ownership over the territory inhabited by the ethnic group in question
- boundary dispute- resource/locational
- when neighboring states want the same resources
- boundary dispute- operational/functional
- When neighboring states disagree over the policies to be applied along a boundary
- boundary origin- antecedent
- evolved and were defined before the present day human (political) landscape developed. Often the result of or influenced by natural barriers
- boundary origin- subsequent
- boundary drawn after the development of the cultural landscape
- boundary origin- superimposed
- a boundary forced on existing cultural landscapes, a country, or a people by a conquering of colonizing power that is unconcerned with preexisting cultural patterns
- boundary origin- relic
- a former boundary line that no longer functions as such is still marked by some landscape features of differences on the sides
- boundary process- definition
- - once a rough area has been determined, a treaty-like document is drawn up and signed by states.
- boundary process- delimitation
- cartographers put the boundary on a map
- boundary process- demarcation
- boundary is made visible
- buffer state
- a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them
- capital
- the principal city or town associated with its government. It is almost always the city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and fixed by law
- city state
- a region controlled exclusively by a city, and usually having sovereignty
- conference of berlin (1884)
- regulated European colonization and trade in Africa. Escalated the scramble of European powers to claim territory in Africa
- core periphery model
- A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating developed core region.
- decolonization
- the process by which a colony gains its independence from a colonial power, a process opposite to colonization. Decolonization could be achieved by attaining independence, integrating with the administering power or another state, or establishing a "free association" status
- devolution
- the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state’s territory
- EEZ (exclusive economic zone)
- up to 200 nm (370 km) in which the state has recognized rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the natural resources, both living and nonliving, of the seabed and water.
- electoral geography
- the analysis of how boundaries are drawn around voting districts
- enclave
- a small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction
- exclave
- A part of a country that is isolated from the main part and is surrounded by foreign territory.
- ethnic conflict
- conflicts between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism, frequently result in war crimes such as genocide
- federal states
- associations of more or less equal provinces or states with strong regional governmental responsibilities
- forward thrust capital city
- one that has been deliberately sited in a state’s interior to signal the government’s awareness of regions away from an off-center core and its interest in encouraging more uniform development.
- global commons
- Issues, often forces of nature or natural elements that are not singular to a specific region or territory. Ex) the ozone layer
- immigrant states
- formed as a result of an influx of immigrants to a certain area who then establish their own government
- iron curtain
- -a Western term referring to the boundary which symbolically, ideologically, and physically divided Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly 1945 to 1990.
- centrifugal forces
- forces that tend to divide a country
- centripetal forces
- forces that tend to unite or bind a country together
- colonialism
- the expansion and perpetuation of an empire
- confederation
- a form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose
- domino theory
- the idea that political destabalization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse
- european union
- international organization comprised of western european countries to promote free trade among members
- frontier
- an area where borders are shifting and weak and wher epeoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land
- geopolitics
- the study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur
- gerrymandering
- the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular party or candidate
- heartland theory
- hypothesis by halform mackinder that held tha tany political power based in the heart of eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world
- international organization
- an alliance of 2 or more countries seekeing cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination