Psych 223 Ch.13
Terms
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- Gender Typing
- process by which a child becomes aware of his or her gender and acquires motives, values, and behaviours considered appropriate for members of that sex
- gender-role standard
- behaviour, value or motive that members of a society consider more typical or appropriate for members of one sex
- expressive role
- social prescription, usually directed toward females, that one should be cooperative, kind, nurturant, and sensitive to the needs of others
- instrumental role
- social prescription, usually directed toward males, that one should be dominant, independent, assertive, competitive, and goal-oriented
- visual/spatial abilities
- abilities to mentally manipulate or otherwise draw inferences about pictoral information
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- phenomenon whereby people cause others to act in accordance with the expectations they have about those others
- Gender identity
- one\'s awareness of one\'s gender and its implications
- Gender intensification
- magnification of sex differences early in adolescence; associated with increased pressure to conform to traditional gender roles
- Gender segregation
- children\'s tendency to associate with same-sex playmates and to think of the other sex as an out-group
- Money and Ehrhardt (1972) Gender differentiation dvmt
- proposed that a number of critical episodes or events affect a person\'s eventual preference for the masculine or the feminine gender role
- testicular feminization syndrome (TFS)
- genetic anomaly in which a male fetus is insensitive to the effects of male sex hormones and develops female-like external genitalia
- timing-of-puberty effect
- finding that people who reach puberty late perform better on visual/spatial tasks than those who mature early
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- genetic anomaly that causes one\'s adrenal glands to produce unusually high levels of androgen from the prenatal period onward; often has masculinzing effects on female fetuses
- androgenized females
- females who develop male-like external genitalia because of exposure to male sex hormones during the prenatal period
- phallic stage
- Freud\'s third stage of psychosexual development (from 3 to 6 years of age), in which children gratify the sex instinct by fondling their genitals and developing an incestuous desire for the parent of the other sex
- identification
- Freud\'s term for the child\'s tendency to emulate another person, usually the same-sex parent
- castration anxiety
- in Freud\'s theory, a young boy\'s fear that his father will castrate him as punishment for his rivalrous conduct
- oedipus complex
- Freud\'s term for the conflict that 3 to 6 year old boys were said to experience when they develop an incestuous desire for their mothers and a jealous and hostile rivalry with their fathers
- Electra complex
- female version of the Oedipus complex, in which a 3 to 6 year old girl was thought to envy her father for possessing a penis and to choose him as a sex object in the hope that he would share with her this valuable organ that she lacked
- direct tuition
- teaching young children how to behave by reinforcing \"appropriate\" behaviours and by punishing or otherwise discouraging inappropriate conduct
- Basic gender identity
- stage of gender identity in which the child first labels the self as a boy or a girl
- gender stability
- stage of gender identity in which the child recognizes that gender is stable over time
- gender consistency (or gender constancy)
- stage of gender identity in which the child recognizes that a person\'s gender is invariant despite changes in the person\'s activities or appearance
- gender schemas
- organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that guide information processing
- in-group/out-group schema
- one\'s general knowledge of the mannerisms, roles, activities, and behaviours that characterize males and females
- own-sex schema
- detailed knowledge of plans of action that enable a person to perform gender-consistent activities and to enact his or her gender role
- androgyny
- gender-role orientation in which the individual has incorporated a large number of both masculine and feminine attributes into his or her personality
- sexuality
- aspect of self referring to erotic thoughts, actions, and orientation
- double standard
- view that sexual behaviour that is appropriate for members of one gender is less appropriate for the members of the other gender