Micro3. Chap 17
Terms
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- Plague bacteria is called _________ ________ and has killed more people than any other infectious disease.
- Yersina pestis
- A virus like smallpox can be ___________ because it only infects humans.
- Eradicated
- The last case of smallpox was in _______, after the program for the global eradication of smallpox started in the late ________.
-
1977
1960's - Vaccines safely ________ an adaptive (___ cells and ___ cells) immune response to pathogenic microbes.
-
Elicit
T and B cells -
Vaccines stimulate:
-High-_________ antibodies
-Class ___________ of antibodies and
-__________ T and B cells -
Affinity
Switching
Memory - There are two types of vaccines, they are ________ (all bacteria and some viruses) or ___________ (some viruses).
-
Inactivated
Attenuated - __________ refers to using a similar virus that is not pathogenic. This relies upon ________-_________ immunity.
-
Attenuation
Cross-reactive - ___________ virus for smallpox is an example of ___________.
-
Vaccinia
Attenuation - ________ passage of pathogenic virus in cell culture or embryonated eggs.
- Serial
- Since cells and eggs have no immune systems, mutant viruses that arrive often lose ____________. These viruses often retain their __________ determinants and illicit strong immunity.
-
Virulence
Antigenic - Inactivation of the vaccine involes two chemicals: ____________ and ____-_____________.
-
Formalin (37% formaldehyde)
Beta-propiolactone - Formalin ______-links proteins and nucleic acids and is used for ________ vaccines such as tetanus.
-
Cross
Toxoid - Beta-propiolactone (BPL) is a __________ acid mutagen which breaks down rapidly. After 24 hours, it's all gone.
- Nucleic
- List the four types of inactivated vaccines:
-
1. Whole-agent
2. Toxoid
3. Protein subunit vaccine
4. Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines - Describe whole-agent vaccines
- The entire microbe is in the vaccine (ex. the inactivated poliovirus)
- Describe the toxoid vaccines
- There are no cells in the vaccine, just their toxins (like tetanus)
- Describe the protein subunit vaccines:
- Only antigenic subunits (exs. acellular pertussis and hep B)
- Describe the polysaccharide conjugate vaccines:
- By conjugating (covalently-linking) polysaccharide antigens to proteins, the antigen becomes T-dependant. Ex. are Haemophilus influenza and strep pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenza is one of the two causes of __________ in children.
- Meningitis
- Inactivated vaccines require an __________ (like aluminum hydroxide) to stimulate the innate immune response.
- Adjuvant
- Measels vaccine must be __________, which is a disadvantage of attenuation.
- Refrigerated
- Another disadvantage of attenuation is pathogenic __________, like in the polio virus.
-
Revertants
Like the polio virus which has 3 live viruses in it which could potentially revert back to pathogenic strains. - Inactivated vaccines require more __________ shots then attenuated vaccines.
- Booster
- Inactivated vaccines don't stimulate _____ __ processing (meaning there are no ____ cells)
-
MHC I
Tc cells - Globally, measles still kills __________ people
- 700,000
- By immunizing, the __________ of a disease and therefore the microbe, decreases.
- Incidence
- For each infectious disease, a target _______ _________ rate is needed to reduce the incidence of disease to near zero. For measles, the rate is _____%
-
Target vaccine coverage rate
95% -
True or False:
The risk of not getting vaccinated is greater then that of getting vaccinated. - True
-
True or False:
The incidence of autism in vaccinated children is far greater then that of nonvaccinated children. - False, the rates are almost exactly the same
- Outline Japan's experiance with pertussis (whooping cough);
-
-1972: Mandatory vaccination at 3 months, cases down to 300 a year.
-1973-1974: 2 kids die of the vaccination, so lawmakers change the age to 2 years
-1979: Japan records over 13,000 cases
-1980: Japan returns to it's previous age - Vaccines are often victims of...
- Their own success. They are so successful, people do not know about the disease that they prevent. No vaccinations = disease comes back.
- Antibodies are generated in __________ to infection.
- Response
- Detection of _____ indicates recent infection.
- IgM
- Detection of _____ indicates recent or distant infection.
- IgG
- The study of blood antibodies is termed _________.
- Serology
- List the 5 steps of blood collection:
-
1. Collect blood without anticoagulants
2. Allow to stand at room temp for 30 min to clot, then 4 C for 1 hour for contraction
3. Centrifuge the blood
4. Aspirate the serum into a new tube.
5. Dilute for testing (1:20 IgM and 1:100 for IgG testing) - List the 5 serological tests:
-
1. Agglutination (liek flu typing)
2. Precipitation
3. Immunofluorescence
4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)
5. Western blot - List the four steps of ELISA:
-
1. Antigen
2. Serum sample
3. Detection antibody
4. Substrate - Antigen step of ELISA:
- Coat the known protein antigen to a solid-surface. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is commonly used b/c/ it has a high affinity for proteins.
- Serum Sample step of ELISA: Add the patients serum and incubate _______. If antibodies to the antigen are present, they will bind to the __________ coated on the plate.
-
1 hour
Antigens -
Detection of Antibody:
Wash the plate with saline, then add an ________-________ anti-human IgG antibody. If the patient has antibodies, they will be bound by the __________ __________. -
Enzyme-conjugated
Detection antibody -
Substrate step of ELISA:
Wash with saline, then add substrate that _______ ______ in the presence of the enzyme. - Turns color
- ELISA has a ____% false positive rate.
- Five