M1-C4-L3 --> Innate Immunity
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- What are the four general properties of Innate Immunity which differs from Acquired Immunity?
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1. Rapid
2. Invariant
3. No Memory response
4. Limit on Specificity - What innate immune components are induced by viruses? What do these components do?
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Interferon alpha
Interferon beta
Interferon gamma
Inhibit viral replication - What innate immune components are induced by bacteria? What do these components do?
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Cytokines
Chemokines
Leads to inflammation - Macrophages can be further activated by what?
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IFN alpha
IFN beta
IL-12 - What are the two receptor families recognized by NK's.
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1. Killer Inhibitory Receptor (KIR)
2. C-lectins - Cancer cells and virus infected cells have more or less MHC I complexes?
- Less
- Reduced levels of MHC-I and/or altered MHC-I complexes results in avoidance of what and susceptibility of what?
- Avoidance of death by CD8 T-cells. Susceptibility for lysis by NK cells.
- NK cells secrete what to create a pore on target cell surface?
- Perforin
- What in the nucleus of macrophages cells needs to be activated for cytokine production? What activates it?
- NF kappa B (a nuclear transcription factor) is activated by LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)
- T/F - Neutrophils require activation?
- False
- What are some causes for neutrophil increase in blood?
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1. Extreme exercise
2. Infection
3. Severe psychological stress
4. Inflammation - What are eosinophils attracted to?
- Parasites.
- What are the enzymes released by NK cells that cause apoptosis?
- Granzymes
- Neutrophils are usually in the blood. If you see them in the tissue, what does this mean?
- Inflammation
- What activates eosinophils?
- Inflammatory mediators or allergens with IgE
- Eosinophillia is an indicator of what?
- Parasitic infections
- Activation of basophils leads to what?
- Degranulation
- Activation of basophils releases what?
- Serotonin, Histamine, Eosinophil chemotactic factor
- The acute phase response is induced by what cytokines?
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IL-1
IL-6
TNF alpha - Acute Phase Response proteins produced primarily in?
- Hepatocytes
- What are the five acute phase proteins?
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1. Fibrinogen
2. Mannan-binding protein
3. C-reactive protein
4. Serum Amyloid A protein
5. SP-A and SP-D - What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
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1. Heat
2. Redness
3. Pain
4. Swelling - What causes heat from inflammation?
- The fever-inducing cytokines (IF-1, IF-6, TNF alpha)
- What causes redness from inflammation?
- Local blood dilation
- What causes pain from inflammation?
- Stimulaiton of pressure sensitive nerves by swelling and release of prostaglandins.
- What causes swelling from inflammation?
- Blood vessel dilation
- What might be a 5th cardinal sign of inflammation?
- Loss of function
- What is the systemic effect of IL-1?
- Fever and production of IL-6
- What is the systemic effect of TNF-alpha?
- Fever, mobilization of metabolites, and shock
- What is the systemic effect of IL-6?
- Fever and production of acute phase response proteins.
- What are two characteristics seen in systemic shock?
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Decreased deposition of fat.
Increased fatty acid oxidation. - What cell produces all the pro-inflammatory cytokines?
- Macrophages
- What cytokine can lead to cachexia and sickness behavior?
- TNF alpha
- What cytokine can lead to can contribute to fatality in sepsis?
- HMGB1
- What acquired immune response cytokines enhance inflammation?
- Ab or T-cell cytokines
- Activation of HPA (Hypothalmic Pituitary Adrenal) axis leads to what?
- Increased cortisol and decreased cytokines.
- Lacking which type of immunity system will lead to the largest increase of microorganisms?
- Innate immunity