Legislative History and Critical Events
Terms
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- Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
- funded secondary ag, trade and industry and home ec programs
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Vocational Education Act of 1963
First narrowly focused and $$ at post-secondary level
Does not transfer to higher level education -
supported occupational prep below BA level
intended to serve all students -
Vocational Education Amendments of 1998
HS and CC course articulation -
expanded fed's role
emphasized professional development
course articulation with HS
increased support for post-secondary programs
student outcomes not program outcomes -
Federal Education Amendments of 1976
Tracking students outside of the transfer mission -
programs overcoming gender discrimination & stereotyping
focus on HS dropouts, unemployed, and incumbent workers
vocational ed for handicapped and ESL
National Vocational Education System - Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Act of 1984
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Tech prep programs
Course articulation
accountability and student outcomes
training for disadvantaged (special needs) students - Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Act Amendments of 1990 (Perkins II)
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largest fed funding to HS
increased attention to academic and tech skills
funding favor disadvantaged students
increase accountability esp student academic achievement - Grubb et al (1996)
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Workforce Preparation and Development
Tech prep and school to work
Job training and skill development - Bragg (2001)
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New Vocationalism
Career pathways/clusters
transferable skills (healthcare, business, technology)
sequential core curriculum to transition from HS to post-secondary
Constructivist theories - active teaching and learning, learner centered, project-based instruction - W. Norton Grubb (1998)
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Benefits of New Vocationalism
1. Complete Assoc degree
2. Large gains experienced by minorities - Founding of AAJC
- 1920
- Periods of CC Development in 20th Century
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1900-1920 Formative Period
1920-1945 Developmental Period
1945-1970 Take Off
1970-present Great Transformation
(Brint and Karabel, 1989: The Diverted Dream) - Generations of CC Development in the 20th Century
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1900-1930 Generation 1 (extension of high school)
1930-1950 Generation 2 (junior college)
1950-1970 Generation 3 (CC)
1970-1985 Generation 4 (Comprehensive CC)
1985 - present ????
Deegan & Tillery - Leaders of the Developmental Period
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Leonard Koos
Walter Crosby Eells
Doak S. Campbell - 1900-1940 Early Growth Period What influenced the Growth?
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more HS Grads
university advocacy & sponsorship
lack of higher ed options
support for vocational ed - Ideals of American Education
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lead to upward mobility
create social efficiency
relieve social ills
enhance individual achievement
improve the economy - Illinois General Assembly recognizes/legalizes JC
- 1931
- Illinois Association of Junior Colleges as lobbying agency
- 1936
- The time when JC viewed as post-secondary as opposed to secondary as previously viewed.
- Late 1950s
- Illinois State Funding approved
- 1955
- Greater state control because of duplication and competition
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JC --> CC
Early 1960s - Junior College Act passed and signed by Otto Kerner for capital building
- 1965
- Major impact to CC
- ADN Program
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Dougherty (1994)
The Contradictory College:
Functional Advocates -
Functional Advocates - democratizing access
Medsker
Gleazer
Cohen and Brawer
Parsons -
Dougherty (1994)
The Contradictory College:
Instsrumentalists Marxist Critics -
Instrumentalists Marxist Critics - inequalities created by capitalist elite
Karabel
Pincus
Zwerling -
Dougherty (1994)
The Contradictory College:
Institutionalist Critics -
Institutionalist Critics - hamper attainment of bachelors
Brint and Karabel -
Dougherty (1994)
The Contradictory College:
Functionalist Advocates - Functionalist Advocates - democratic demands students and parents
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Dougherty (1994)
The Contradictory College:
Marxist Instrumentalist Critics - Marxist Instrumentalist Critics - capitalist view keep universities select
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Dougherty (1994)
The Contradictory College:
Institutional Critics -
Institutional Critics - university attended by only wealthy, best students
Brint Lange
Karabel Jordan
Larabee -
Dougherty (1994)
The Contradictory College:
The State Relative Autonomy Perspective -
The State Relative Autonomy Perspective - promoters of CC
Functionalists - students/parents
Instrumentalist Marxists - business
Institutuionalists - State Univ - Dougherty (1991) The CC at a Crossroads.
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A need for reform.
Because students are obtaining bachelor degrees
CC--> 4 yr institution
CC--> branch of universities -
Dougherty (1991)
The Baccalaureate Gap -
Three reasons for Baccalaureate Gap
1. surviving CC
2. transferring to 4 yr
3. persisting in 4 yr -
Dougherty (1991)
Reformers recommendations -
1. CC--> 4 yr
2. CC--> branch of 4 yr - Truman Commission Report
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Vocationalism
Need for access
Women and minorities
Veterans and Soldiers
Importance of Gen Ed
Define state and local control
Financial aid - Clark (1960) Cooling Out Function in Higher Ed
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Dissociation between aspirations and avenues in education.
Inconsistency between achievement and realities of limited opportunity. - Clark (1960) Cooling Out
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never dismiss just redirect
lets the student down gently and unexplosively. - Clark (1960) Cooling Out Features
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1. Alternative Achievement
2. Gradual disengagement
3. Objective Denial
4. Agents of consolation
5. Avoidance of Standards - Clark (1980) Cooling Out Revisited
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Six Alternatives
1. preselection
2. transfer track selection
3. open failure
4. guaranteed graduation
5. reduction of transfer-terminal distinction
6. move problem to another type of college - What Karabel (1972) says about CC.
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way to maintain low income minorities because that's where they go to school
academic standards block upward mobility - What Zwerling says about CC.
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maintains social stratification
CC is one more barrier between poor and middle class - Clark Kerr
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Carnegie Commission
Author of the CA Master Plan
Believes there is a need to sort to maintain high research standards and quality - Carnegie Commission
- 1967
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Edmund Gleazer (1980)
The Community College: Values, Vision & Vitality - Community College difficult to define due to changing roles
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Dale Parnell ( )
The Neglected Majority - The Father of Tech Prep