Geology Unit 1
Terms
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- Definition of a mineral
- Naturally occuring, inorganic, and has a definite chemical composition
- Common minerals and their chemical formulas
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Quartz (Si02)
Halite (NaCl)
Calcite (CaCo3) - Properties of ferromagnesian minerals plus 4 examples
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Iron and Magnesium
Dark Colored- Green to Black
High Specific Gravity
Common Rock Forming Minierals
1) Augite
2) Hornblende
3) Olivine
4) Biotite - Matter including states of matter
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Anything that has mass and occupies space
Solid (def shape and volume)
Liquid (indef shape, def volume)
Gas (indefinite shape and volume) - Definition of an atom
- basic unit of matter
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Atomic Number
Atomic Mass Number -
Number of protons in an atom
Number of protons + neutrons in an atom - Isotope (including example)
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atoms that have the same atomic number, and also have different atomic mass.
Hydrogen- protium, deuterium, tritium - Element
- Matter consisting of only one type/kind of atom
- Compound
- matter consisting of two or more type/kind of atom
- Molecule
- smallest part of an element or compound
- Le Chatlier's Principle
- A system in chemical equilibrium, if disturbed, reacts as to regain equilibrium under the new conditions
- Ion
- an atom that has lost or gained an electron, there for as a charge
- Valence
- Charge of the atom
- Octet rule include methods to
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Most atoms try to get 8 electrons in their outer orbit, either by losing, sharing or gaining
losing- Na
Sharing H20
Gaining- Cl - Types of bonding and examples
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Ionic oppositely charged ions attracting- halite
Covalent atoms share electrons- H20, diamond
Van der Waals caused by momentary unequal distribution of electrons; causes molecules to be polar and attract- graphite
Metallic when closely packed, atoms have overlapping orbits-- Pyrite, Copper - Rock forming silicates ferromagnesian vs. non-ferromagnesian
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Augite, Hornblende, Olivine, Biotite
Quartz, Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Muscovite - Properties of the Periodic Table
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1) Lists all known elements
2) Metals are on the left, non-metals are on teh right
3) Symbols are international
4) Arranged in order of increasing atomic #
5) Russian Author- Mendeleev
6) Columns are called families (= groups)
7) Elements in teh same family have similar qualities- same number of electrons
8) Family on far right is called inert or noble gasses
9) Rows are called periods
10) Periodic repetition of properties when crossing a period - Crystal Form
- symmetrical shape formed as minerals grow
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Color-
How Colors Vary
Types of coloration -
- color of a fresh surface
1. missing atom makes milky quartz
2. Substituted atoms
3. Trapped atoms
inherent- when a mineral displays the same color, sulfur- yellow, copper- copper
exhotic- when a mineral displays different colors for exmaple: quartz can be a variety of diff. colors - Luster
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The way a mineral shines
Metallic, Glassy and Earthy
Pyrite, Quartz, Talc - Cleavage
- Mineral breaks and forms a smooth surface, this occurs b/c atom bonds are of unequal strength- cubic, rhombohedral, and octahedral
- Cubic Cleavage
- breaks in 3 directions at right angles, halite, galena.
- Rhombohedral Clevage
- breaks in 3 directions, not at right angles, calcite
- Octahedral Cleavage
- breaks in 4 directions and forms triangels, for example: diamond, fluorite.
- fracture
- mineral breaks and forms rough surfaces; occurs because atom bonds are of equal strength. 3 types: aconchoidal, even and uneven.
- Aconchoidal Fracture
- concentric ring pattern
- Even Pattern
- Smooth Pattern
- Uneven Pattern
- Rough Pattern
- Moh's Hardness scale
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1. Talc (softest)
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Flourite
5. Apatite
6. Orthoclase
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum
10. Diamond (hardest) - Streak
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color of a crushed mineral (use this test for metallic lusters)
hematite- red
Sphalerite- smelly yellow - Striations
- parallel lines that resemble grating
- Specific Gravity
- how many times heaver than water something is. SG= Ds/Dw
- Salty Taste
- Halite- Salt!
- Magnetic
- Magnetite
- Slippery
- Graphite, Talc
- Effervescent
- HCl, Calcite
- Double Refraction
- Calcite