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- ..........are chemicals approved for usage on food utensils
- sanitizers
- ....is an example for an antiseptic
- neosporin
- Alcohol works best if its concentration is
- 70%
- This is an example for an antiviral drug
- zovirax
- Lysol is a
- phenol
- This heavy metal is the active ingredient of tincture
- mercury
- Ethylene oxide kills bacteria by inhibiting the
- DNA
- Phenols kill bacteria by inhibiting
- proteins
- This gas is used in hospitals to sterilize expensive, invasive apparatus that are heat sensitive
- ethylene oxide
- This heavy metal is ued to kill algae in ponds
- copper
- These chemicals are mainly used as dish washing detergents
- cationic detergents
- This method is mainly used to sterilize alcoholic beverages
- filtration
- This drug restricts the replication of herpes virus
- Ribavirin
- One of the disadvantages of this method is the accumulation of benzene and URPs due to fat metabolism
- ionizing radiation
- This heavy metal is used in the treatment of Opthalmia neonatarum
- Silver nitrate
- An antibotic that inhibit the cell wall synthesis
- penicillin
- An antibotic that specifically inhibits DNA synthesis
- ciprofloxacin
- This pathogen evades the effects of penicillin by changing shape/morphology
- Treponema palladium
- This active ingredient in cephalosporins known to inhibit cell wall synthesis
- b-lactam
- Resistance t 2 or more antibiotics with a common mode of action is known as
- cross resistance
- The main mode of action of rifamicin/rifampicin is to inhibit
- RNA
- Progression or regression of a disease depends on this factor
- incidence
- This endemic disease has now become an epidemic disease in the Midwestern states
- Mumps
- West Nile virus infection is an example for
- sporadic
- This antibiotic is known to cause anaphylactic shock because of hapten production
- Penicillin
- AIDS is a typical example for
- pandemic
- Contamination of potable water with sewage water can spread this infection
- Hepatitis
- Clostridium tetani a pathogenic bacteria is mainly present in
- soil
- A treatment that excludes the real drug but includes a sugar pill is known as
- placebo
- This transmission of the disease mainly occurs from parents to off springs
- vertical
- Irradiation of meats mainly results in the accumulation of
- URPs
- Streptomycin inhibits the
- proteins
- Dry heat is mainly used to disinfect
- food utensils
- Streptomycin is mainly used to treat this infection
- TB
- Sulfa drugs are analogs of this compound used to make DNA
- PABA
- The main drawbacks of this technique are cumberson and expensive due to high energy costs
- dry heat
- A typical example for an antimetabolite antibiotic is
- sulfa
- In erythromycin-resistant bacteria the antibiotic erythromycin will not bind to
- ribosome
- Tetracycline is a known example for
- broadspectrum antibiotic
- Redman syndrome is caused by the use of this antibiotic
- Rifampicin
- The active ingredient in bleach is this halogen
- chlorine
- .......is used to disinfect potaable water
- chlorine
- Formaldehyde inhibits
- DNA
- .....method is used to disinfect milk
- pasteurization
- ........method is used to prepare instant coffee/milk
- lyophilization
- This is a radioactive isotope used in irratioation process
- CO60
- Bacteria require this compound to make DNA
- PABA
- An antibiotic effective against gram negative bacteria is
- Cipro
- A person who has the infectious agent but shows no symptoms of the disease is known as
- carrier
- This epidemiological study is mainly used to evaluate a hypothesis
- experimental
- Universal precautions were formulated to prevent the spread of
- nosocomial infections
- This gram negative bacteria is a source of nosocomial infections
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- This gram negative bacteria is associated with burn infections is
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- One of the primary reason for increased nosocomial infections
- immunocompromised patients
- A public health organization located in Atlanta, GA is
- CDC
- MRSA's can be eradicated by this antibiotic
- Vancomycin
- This public health organization is located in Geneva
- WHO
- Enterococcus is a nosocomial infectious agent resistant to this antibiotic
- vancomycin
- All sexually transmitted diseases are known as
- notifiable
- Rabies is considered as a
- zoonotic disease
- Triazoles inhibit......in the plasma membrane
- Sterols
- This is an antibiotic that acts as an antifungal agent
- amphotericin
- Clavulanic acid is compound present in this antibiotic
- augmentin
- 5 desirable attributes of a disinfectant
- Easy to make, No odor, no residue, kill a variety of organisms, and long shelf live
- List 4 factors that affect the efficancy of a disinfectant
- temp, pH, concentration, time
- Why is 70% alcohol considered best?
-
1. At 100%, evaporation is quick
2. Coagualtion of proteins - List 4 modes of action of a disinfectant
- proteins, DNA, membranes, fermation
- List 3 different methods of pasteurization. Please include the parameters of at least one
- Hold method, flash method, and UHT. UHT temp starts at 70 degrees and is brought up to 140 degrees and back down to 70 degrees in 15 sec.
- List 2 disadvantages of ionizing radiation
-
Public pheoba
URPs - When would you use a broad spectrum and a narrow spectrum antibiotic. List two examples for each group
-
Broad spectrum - used when one does not know what is causing the infection - Tetracycline & cephalosporins
Narrow spectrum - used when one knows what is causing the infection - Ciproflaxocin & erythromycin - What is super infection? List 2 organisms that cause it.
- These infections are “opportunistic.†It seems that persons have bacterial that are part of the normal functioning of the body. Antimicrobial therapy can “Kill†the bacterial with white hats (our normal, “good-guy†bacteria), providing the Opportunity for other invading organisms to move in. Candida & Clostridium difficile
- How do bugs become resistant to penicillin and erythromycin?
- Bacteria acquire resistant genes through exchanging genes with other bacteria
- List 2 types of "evasion" mechanisms. Please list the bacter that do these acts.
- TB hids in phlegm and syphillis evades in antibotics
- What is cross resistance? Please explain with names of antibiotics
- Cross-resistance arises because the mechanism of resistance to several drugs is the same and arises through the identical genetic mutations. Vancomycin, pencillin, cephalsporins
- List 3 ways of limiting antibiotic resistance
-
1. only use when necessary
2. take the complete coarse
3. Take combination drugs - Explain "antagonistic" reaction with examples
- It is the opposite of a synergism. The example would pencillian & tetracycline
- How does pandemic infection differ from sporadic infection. List example
- Pandemic is an infection like AIDs that is a worldwide infection. Sporadic has no reason for the infection. An example would be West Nile virus
- Differentiate epidemic outbreak from endemic infection with examples
- Epidemic is something that cause an M&M like the flu in 2004. Endemic is something that does not cause and M&M like mumps or chicken pox
- Explain the disease cycle with an example
- Bubonic plaque - the disease cycle happens in cycles. It kills several people
- Explain the 2 methods of controlling the spread of infectious diseases
-
Isolation - sick person separated from the healthy population
Quaratine - healthy person was exposed to infectious agent and is separated from the healthy population - List 3 nosocomial infections
- Pseudomonas, VRE, E. coli
- Mary has an unknown infection and Kate is suffering from bacterial diarrhea. What kind of antibiotics will you recommend?
- Mary - BS Kate - NS
- List 3 universal precautions
- Gloves, masks, and wash hands