I&I bacteria families & characteristics
Terms
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- 4 methods of genetic transfer in bacteria
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Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Insertion sequences - bacterial uptake & integration of DNA from environment
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transformation
strep, haemophilus, N gonorrhea, H Pylori - phage-mediated transfer of bacterial DNA
- Transduction
- direct transfer of bacterial DNA between 2 organisms
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conjugation
usually plasmid-mediated - DNA peices that "jump" in and out of DNA
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Insertion sequences
Transposon = 2 insertion sequences flanking another gene (or set of genes) - 2 insertion sequences flanking a gene (or set of genes)
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transposon
very important in drug resistance - period of growth when bacteria is adapting to new environment
- lag phase
- state of steady bacterial growth
- exponential or log phase
- period of growth when bacteria has used up nutrients or toxins accumulated
- stationary or plateau phase
- Obligate anaerobes do not have ...
- SOD, peroxidase, catalase (to process reactive species)
- 3 species obligate anaerobes
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Actinomyces (G-)
Bacteroides (G-)- fragilis, prevotella
Clostridium (G+)
Peptostreptococcus - 1 species obligate aerobe
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- molecule in all bacterial cell walls
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Peptidoglycan (not in MTB-mycolic acids instead- waxy)
made of Murein (not in Chlamydia) x-linked by peptide bonds
NO cell wall in mycoplasma - composition of G+ cell wall
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cell membrane
thick PG layer w/Lipoteichoic acid (teichoic acid is virulence factor)
no outer membrane
+/- capsule - composition of G- cell wall
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cell membrane
thin layer PG
periplasmic space (w/PG & lipoprotein to connect outer membrane)
outer membrane w/LPS containing O antigen & Lipid A (toxic) - bacteria that make spores
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only G+ rods:
Clostridium
Bacillus (anthracis & cereus- reheated rice) - major constitiuents of spores
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dried muramic acid
Ca++ - G- cocci
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Neisseria
Meningiditis (glucose & maltose--MGM)
Gonorrhea (glucose only)
need complement to kill - found in Alcoholics, Aspiration Pneumonia & Abscess of lung
- Klebsiella
- non-motile enterobacteriaceae
- klebsiella & shigella
- enterobactericeae
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G- bacilli
in GI
Entero
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Yersinia (not in GI- plague) - enterobacteria with polysaccharide capsule
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Klebsiella & salmonella
(non-motile are Kleb & shig) - G- bacilli causing diarrhea
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V. Cholera (rice water)
V. Vulnificus (diarrhea & wound infections in fishermen & ocean swimmers) - Campy & Helicobacter
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small curved G- rods
gastroenteritis - H Pylori
- G- spiral shaped, motile rod
- Pseudomonas
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G- rods in soil & water
Areuginosa: pili, slime layer, endotoxin, exotoxins- nosocomial infection, immunocompromised - Haemophilus
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G- small pleomorphic coccobacilli
HIB - meningitis & epiglottitis - Bordetella
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G- coccibacilli
whooping cough
ADP ribosylation of Gi, increases cAMP - Legionella
- G- facultative intracellular parasite
- Staphylococcus virulence factors
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G+ cocci
enzymes (coagulase, DNAse, Staphylokinase, Hyaluronidase, Lipase)
Exotoxins (hemolysins, leukocidin, epidermolytic toxin, TSST-1, Enterotoxin) - Streptococcus
- G+ Cocci
- Group A Strep
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Strep Pyogenes
M protein
Lipoteichoic acid
hyaluronic acid capsule- (inhib phag)
hyaluronidase (spread through for cellulitis)
streptolysin O - Listeria
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G+ bacilli
neonates, pregnant women (bacteremia), immunosuppression, alcoholics
adult & neonatal meningitis - Corynebacterium
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G+ bacilli
Diphtheria
tonsillar pseudomembrane - Bacillus
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G+ Bacilli
Anthrax
Cereus (reheated rice)
makes spores - Clostridia
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G+ rods
obligate anaerobes
spores
Perfringins- gas gangrene
Difficile- antibiotic associated diarrhea
Tetani
Butulinum - G+ bacteria families
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Staph
Strep
Listeria (meningitis)
Cornybacterium (diphtheria)
Bacillus (anthrax)
Clostridia - Rickettsiaceae
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G- coccobacilli
obligate intracellular parasite
Rocky Mountain Tick Fever - Chlamydia
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G- obligate intracellular parasite
no murein in cell wall - Treponema Pallidum
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G- spirochete
syphilis - Borrelia
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G-
Lyme disease
(bordetella is whooping cough) - Mycoplasma
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resemble G- but lack cell wall
M Pneumoniae- most common cause of pneumonia in young adults (atypical pneumo)