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Biology & Society Unit 3

Terms

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copy deck
autosomes
nonsex chromosomes
sex determination
men produce sperm and chromosome # is divided in half through meiosis, one sperm=x the other=y then they pair with and egg one=x and the other=x. XY=male XX=female
sex-linked genes
genes located on the X or Y chromosome (biological sex is inherited along w/ X or Y chromosome
x-linked genes
located on X chromosome. Males X chromosome always comes from mother
carrier
of a recessively inherited trait has one copy of the recessive allele and one copy of the normal allele and will not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
female carriers
Only females can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits because males with a copy of the recessive allele will have the trait
Male and Female carriers both
can be carriers of non-sex-linked, autosomal traits
x-linked recessive condition
most common in males than females
x inactivation
occurs in all of the cells in a developing female embryo and guarantees that all females actually receive only one does of proteins produced by genes on the x chromosomes
y-linked genes
located on y chromosomes and are passed from fathers to sons
pedigree
a family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations of relatives
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction ; used to amplify or produce large quantities of DNA. Uses one strand of DNA as a template for the synthesis of a daughter strand. page 2 10/29
denatured
split up the middle of the double helix to produce single strands
VNTR
Variable number tandem repeat; nucleotide sequences that all of us carry but in different numbers
restriction enzymes
(scissors) DNA is treated with these enzymes after scientists produced enough DNA by PCR. Cuts at specific nucleotide sequences
RFLP
Restriction Fragment Length Ploymorphism Analysis; diff. sized fragments produced by restriction digestion of different individuals' DNA
electrophoresis
enables separation of DNA fragments based on single number of repeating units within them.
agarose gel
The fragments of DNA generated by restriction enzyme cleavage can be seperated from each other by allowing the fragments to migrate through a solid support
gel electrophoresis
the size-base separation of molecules when an electric current is applied to a gel
agarose gel electrophoresis
separates DNA fragments on the basis of their size
rBGH
recombinant bovine growth hormone; a protein that has been made by genetically engineered bacteria. Bacterial cells have had their DNA manipulated so that it encodes a cow growth hormone
protein synthesis
using the instructions carried by a gene to build a particular protein.
DNA
a polymer of nucleotides that make chem bonds w/ each other based on their complementarity (A to T and C to G)
Gene
sequence of DNA that encodes a protein.
Protein
large molecules composed of amino acids
RNA
ribonucleic acid, a polymer of nucleotides. The sugar in RNA is ribose versus deoxyribose in DNA. Before a protein is built the instructions carried by a gene are copied. RNA is what the copy is made up of
Uracil (U)
takes the place of thymine. RNA is also single stranded
Transcription
Step 1 in gene to protein process. Involves producing the copy of the required gene
Translation
step 2 in gene to protein process. Involves decoding the copied RNA sequence and producing the protein for which it codes.
RNA polymerase
the enzyme that synthesizes the DNA copy from transcription procces
promoter
nucleotide sequence at the beginning of every gene. RNA polymerase binds to this.
mRNA
Messenger RNA; complementary RNA copy of a DNA gene, produced during transcription. The mRNA undergoes translation to synthesize a protein
Genotype
refers to the type of DNA we have
phenotype
appearance, think chemical entity of proteins
genetic code
relationship between a specific codon and specific amino acid
tRNA
transfer RNA; carries amino acids to ribosomes
codon
sequence of 3 bases in the mRNA
anticodon
tRNA have a set of three nucleotides that bind to the codon if the right sequence Binds to complementary mRNA
peptide bond
when the anticodon from tRNA binds with the codon from mRNA
stop codon
protein synthesis ends when this codon does not code for an amino acid and moves through ribosome
1 gene. 1 protein. principle
1 gene (any organisms) lead to production 1 mRNA (one protein)
Genetic code is...
universal. mRNA from Eukaryotic cells can be translated from a prokaryotic cell
triplet code
three bases specify one amino acid
Prokaryotic cell
translations and transcription occur simultaneously

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