Biology & Society Unit 3
Terms
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copy deck
- autosomes
- nonsex chromosomes
- sex determination
- men produce sperm and chromosome # is divided in half through meiosis, one sperm=x the other=y then they pair with and egg one=x and the other=x. XY=male XX=female
- sex-linked genes
- genes located on the X or Y chromosome (biological sex is inherited along w/ X or Y chromosome
- x-linked genes
- located on X chromosome. Males X chromosome always comes from mother
- carrier
- of a recessively inherited trait has one copy of the recessive allele and one copy of the normal allele and will not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
- female carriers
- Only females can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits because males with a copy of the recessive allele will have the trait
- Male and Female carriers both
- can be carriers of non-sex-linked, autosomal traits
- x-linked recessive condition
- most common in males than females
- x inactivation
- occurs in all of the cells in a developing female embryo and guarantees that all females actually receive only one does of proteins produced by genes on the x chromosomes
- y-linked genes
- located on y chromosomes and are passed from fathers to sons
- pedigree
- a family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations of relatives
- PCR
- Polymerase Chain Reaction ; used to amplify or produce large quantities of DNA. Uses one strand of DNA as a template for the synthesis of a daughter strand. page 2 10/29
- denatured
- split up the middle of the double helix to produce single strands
- VNTR
- Variable number tandem repeat; nucleotide sequences that all of us carry but in different numbers
- restriction enzymes
- (scissors) DNA is treated with these enzymes after scientists produced enough DNA by PCR. Cuts at specific nucleotide sequences
- RFLP
- Restriction Fragment Length Ploymorphism Analysis; diff. sized fragments produced by restriction digestion of different individuals' DNA
- electrophoresis
- enables separation of DNA fragments based on single number of repeating units within them.
- agarose gel
- The fragments of DNA generated by restriction enzyme cleavage can be seperated from each other by allowing the fragments to migrate through a solid support
- gel electrophoresis
- the size-base separation of molecules when an electric current is applied to a gel
- agarose gel electrophoresis
- separates DNA fragments on the basis of their size
- rBGH
- recombinant bovine growth hormone; a protein that has been made by genetically engineered bacteria. Bacterial cells have had their DNA manipulated so that it encodes a cow growth hormone
- protein synthesis
- using the instructions carried by a gene to build a particular protein.
- DNA
- a polymer of nucleotides that make chem bonds w/ each other based on their complementarity (A to T and C to G)
- Gene
- sequence of DNA that encodes a protein.
- Protein
- large molecules composed of amino acids
- RNA
- ribonucleic acid, a polymer of nucleotides. The sugar in RNA is ribose versus deoxyribose in DNA. Before a protein is built the instructions carried by a gene are copied. RNA is what the copy is made up of
- Uracil (U)
- takes the place of thymine. RNA is also single stranded
- Transcription
- Step 1 in gene to protein process. Involves producing the copy of the required gene
- Translation
- step 2 in gene to protein process. Involves decoding the copied RNA sequence and producing the protein for which it codes.
- RNA polymerase
- the enzyme that synthesizes the DNA copy from transcription procces
- promoter
- nucleotide sequence at the beginning of every gene. RNA polymerase binds to this.
- mRNA
- Messenger RNA; complementary RNA copy of a DNA gene, produced during transcription. The mRNA undergoes translation to synthesize a protein
- Genotype
- refers to the type of DNA we have
- phenotype
- appearance, think chemical entity of proteins
- genetic code
- relationship between a specific codon and specific amino acid
- tRNA
- transfer RNA; carries amino acids to ribosomes
- codon
- sequence of 3 bases in the mRNA
- anticodon
- tRNA have a set of three nucleotides that bind to the codon if the right sequence Binds to complementary mRNA
- peptide bond
- when the anticodon from tRNA binds with the codon from mRNA
- stop codon
- protein synthesis ends when this codon does not code for an amino acid and moves through ribosome
- 1 gene. 1 protein. principle
- 1 gene (any organisms) lead to production 1 mRNA (one protein)
- Genetic code is...
- universal. mRNA from Eukaryotic cells can be translated from a prokaryotic cell
- triplet code
- three bases specify one amino acid
- Prokaryotic cell
- translations and transcription occur simultaneously