Pathology Test I
Terms
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- Normal cells are said to be in homeostasis, when a cell undergoes stress//increased demand what happens
- Adapation
- What results if there is no adaptation
-
Injury
Disease
Die - What are the 4 ways a Cell/Tissue can Adapt to Stress
-
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia -
1-Define Hyperplasia
2- What happens to the organ in hyperplasia
3- Hyperplasia can only occur in what tissues
-Is Hyperplasia Physiologic or Pathologic? -
-Increase the # of cells
-Increases in Volume
-Tissues that are capable of cell division
-Both - Give an example of a Physiologic Hyperplasia Event
- High Altitude= More RBC produced by Bone Marrow, Lactating Breast (Hormonal)
-
Define Labile
-Give an Example -
Continuously replenishing cells
- Epidermis, GI - Give an Example of cells that are incapable of dividing
- Neurons and Cardiac Myocyte cells
-
What cells can divide but will if NECESSARY!
-What is it called -
Liver Cells (Hepatocytes)
-Compensatory Hyperplasia - How do you measure Proliferation?
- Using Ki 67
- This type of Hyperplasia occurs b/c of Infection or Invasion of Tissue
-
Follicular Hyperplasia
-Occurs in Lymph Node -
Hypertrophy of muscles in bladder wall lead to this type of Hyperplasia
- what is the drug used to treat this and how does it work -
Prostate Hyperplasia
-Anasterin- blocks mechanism and hypertrophy reverses itself
-- Mechanism: T is taken up by stromal cells>>Modified into TG>>GF>> Leads to Hypertrophy of Gland -
What is Hypertrophy?
-How does this occur?
-Are these stem cells are mature cells
-What cause Hypertrophy -
Increase in Size of Cells
-Increasing Cellular Components
-Mature Cells
-Increased Functional Demands - Name 3 tissues that undergoes Hypertrophy
-
Muscle Cells
- Increase Actin// Myosin
Liver Cells
-ER when metaboling drugs
Heart (Myocyte Cells)
-due to Peripheral resistance>> Hypertension
-this in Non Physiologic
- Physiologic in atheletes that work out (larger co>> lower hrt rate) -
How do u get a Heart Attack
(Myocardial Infarct) - Decreased O or no O to heart (Anoxia)b/c of Obstruction of Blood Flow due to Athersclerosis>>Circumsized area of cell death
- What can facilitate the Hypertrophic Response in Muscle cells
- Anabolic Steroids
-
What animal is called the Champion of Mult. Hypertrophy
- Why -
Belgain Blue
-Breed to produce less myostatin (prevents muscles from getting too big) - What is the cause of Calcific Aortic Stenosis
- Narrowing of Aortic Valve>> Leads to Hypertrophy
-
Define Atrophy
-How does it occur -
Loss of cell substance and/or cell #
-Imbalance between synthesis and degradation (via ubiquitination) - What 2 can things occur as a result of Atrophy
-
Autophagic vacuoles increas
Residual Bodies increase (process called lipofusion) - Residual bodies are a product of what?
- lysis in lysosomes (when nothing else is left_
- Name the 6 Categories of Atrophy
-
-Disuse
-Denervation
-Ischemia
-Inadequate Nutrition
-Hormone Stimulation Loss
-Senile Atrophy - What are dense bodies made of
- Lipofusion
- What is lipofusion
- Accumulation of Autophagic Vacuoles
- Senile Atrophy- give two examples
-
testicular
cerebral (alzheimer's disease) -
What is Metaplasia
-what induces metaplasia -
when one cell type changes to another cell type
-Cytokines,GF - Give and example of Metaplasia
-
Espohagus
-Squamous cells change to columnar cells (Barett's Esphogaus)