Brain structure/function
brain structure/function flash cards
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- papez circuit
- closed circuit b/w limbic and thalamus and hypothalamus; limbic system and hypothalamus cooperate in the neural basis of emotional states
- prefrontal cortex
- most anterior portion of the frontal lobes; problem solving and planning activities
- lateral geniculate nuclei
- thalamus; relays visual info to occipital lobes
- mesolymbic system
- project from nuclei adjacent to the substantia nigra ot the limbic system of forebrain; behavior and reward
- cardiac control center
- myelencephalon/medulla; autonomic nerve control of heart
- frontal lobe
- voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles; personality; higher intellectual process (eg concentration, planning, decision making), verbal communication
- nigrostriatal system
- projects from substansia nigra to the corpus striatum of basal nuclei; motor coordination (degeneration = parkinsons)
- intralaminar nuclei
- thalamus - project into many areas of the cerebral cortex; promotes state of alerness and causes arousal from sleep if has strong enough stimulus
- epithalamus
- dorsal segment of diencephalon; contains choroid plexus; makes CSF and melatonin(epiphysis)
- hypothalamus
- most inferior portion of the diencephalon; contains neural centers for hunger and thirst and for the regulation of body temp and hormone secretion from pituitary gland, regulation of sleep, wakefulness, sexual arousal and performance; anger, fear, pain, pleasure; connects with medulla onblogata of the brain stem to evoke the visceral responses to emotional states; coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes integrated with the control of somatic and endocrine responses by the hypothalamus
- left inferior temporal lobe
- performs exact mathematical calculations, stores verbally coded facts about numbers
- respiratory center
- myelencephalon/medulla; works with pons to control breathing
- diencephalon
- part of the forebrain; contains thalamus, hypothalamus, part of the pituitary gland
- left medial temporal lobe
- verbal memory
- occipital lobe
- responsible for vision and for the coordination of eye movements and focusing; correlation of visual images with previous visual experiences and other sensory stimuli; conscious perception of vision
- right hemisphere
- limited verbal ability; most dept at visuospatial tasks; recognizes faces best;
- medial geniculate nuclei
- thalamus; relays auditory info to temporal lobes
- corpus collosum
- connects left and right hemispheres
- medial temporal lobe
- area that includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent areas of the cerebral cortex; converts memory from short term to long term
- basal nuclei (ganglia)
- masses of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies located deep within he white matter of the cerebrum; control of voluntary movements
- pons
- rounded bulge on underside of brain b/w midbrain and medulla; apneustic and pneumatoxic centers = control breathing; nuclei associated with cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
- postcentral gyrus F
- primary area of cortex responsible for perception of somatesthetic sensation (cutaneous, muscle, tendon, and joint sensation)
- precentral gyrus F
- involved in motor control
- insula
- deep, under cortex - implicated in memory encoding and integration of sensory info (primarily pain) with visceral responses; coordination of cardiovascular responses to stress; visceral integration
- right medial temporal lobe
- nonverbal memory (ex/recognizing faces)
- thalamus
- relay centerthrough which all sensory info (except smell) passes on the way to the cerebrum
- cerebellum
- contains >100billion neurons; recieves info from proprioreceptors and works with basal nuclei and motor cerebral cortex to coordinate movement; motor learning; coordinating joints in movement; timing and force of limb movements;
- Wernicke's area (L & damage)
- superior temporal gyrus in L hemisphere; origin of concept of words; speech rapid and fluid but non-sensicle (word salad); written and spoken language comprehension destroyed
- angular gyrus
- at the junction of the pareital, temporal, and occipital lobes; center for integration of auditory, visual, and somatesthetic info; damage causes aphasias, so probably projects into wernicke's; damage eliminates ability to speak OR write
- hindbrain
- metencephalon and myencephalon
- Broca's area/ aphasia (L & damage results)
- left inferior frontal gyrus and surrounding areas; damage causes weakness in right arm and right side of face, relctant to speak, speach is slow and poorly articulated; no comprehension problem, can understand sentence but not repeat; not related to muscle control
- pituitary gland
- located immediately inferior to hypothalamus; makes ADH and oxytocin and releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
- arcuate fasciculus
- fiber tract communicating from wernicke's to broca's; damage causes conduction aphasia similar to wernicke's though brocas and wernicke's intact
- metencephalon
- pons + cerebellum
- parietal lobe
- somatesthetic interpretation (cutaneous, joint, muscle receptors); understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions; interpretation of textures and shapes
- left hemisphere
- language and analytical abilities reside here; best at describing facial expression
- myelencephalon
- medulla oblongata - continuous with the pons superiorily and spinal cord inferiorly; all ascending and descending tracts pass through here; cross over in pyramids; regulation of breathing and cardiovascular responses
- limbic + hypothalamus
- aggresion (amygdala); fear (amygdala + hypothalamus; removal of limbic = absence of fear); feeding (hypothalamus has feeding and satiety center); sex (hypothalamus + limbic regulate sexual drive and behavior; cerebrum also important for sex in humans); goal oriented behavior/reward and punishment (b/w frontal cortex and hypothalamus)
- inferior temporal lobes
- long term visual memory
- temporal lobe
- auditory centers that receive sensory fibers from the cochlea of each ear/interpretation and association of auditory and visual information; storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences
- vasomotor
- myelencephalon/medulla; autonomic innervation of blood vessels
- amnesia (possible causes)
- damage to temporal lobe, or hippocampus, or head of caudate nucleus (Huntigtons's disease), or dorsomedial thalamus (alcoholic with Karkaroff syndrome with thiamine deficiency)
- midbrain
- between diencephalon and pons;
- limbic system
- group of forebrain nuclei and fiber tracts that form a ring around the brain stem; incoporate cingulate gyrus, amygdaloid nucleus (amygdala), hippocampus, and septal nuclei; central processing of olfactory info; center for basic emotional drives; little connection b/w limbic and cerebral cortex;
- corpora quadrigemina
- 4 rounded elevations on the dorsal surface of the midbrain; superior colliculi = visual reflexes; inferior colliculi = auditory relay center
- reticular formation
- network of nuclei and nerve fibers within the medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus that functions as the reticular activating system