Roman Republic Midterm 2
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- Fabius Pictor
- first Roman historian; wrote history because the state (Rome) was chosen by the gods to be worthy enough for a future; wrote hstory in Greek for a wider audience
- Edward Gibbon
- 18th century: wrote about the declineand fall of Rome in 4 volumes; was rich and from England; researched in Italy and spent 30yrs writing the volumes; said the one main reason for the fall of Rome was Christianity (change in values ad cultural change); also started an interest in archaeology
- Theodore Mommsen
- 19th century: the main German historian who focused on Roman history and published over 1,500 works; “the greatest living historianâ€, famous all over Europe and even America; had 15 children and was very well liked; knew languages and archaeology and many foundations to be a good historian; also focused on constitutional law, legal studies, and Roman Empire; did not prefer social history
- Ligurians
- around 1,500 AD: originally from the Northern coast of Africa; the people were particularly aggressive and war-like (chariot warfare)
- Palafitte
- 1,500-800: northern Italy in present day Bologna; some of the first people to use bronze; lived in small dwellings, mostly fishermen; they practiced cremation as a burial technique
- Terramare Culture
- 1,500-800: means “black earthâ€; their villages were protected by a moat and to keep animals in; they practiced cremation; the most significant culture in the bronze age along with the palafitte
- Villanovan Culture
- 1,000-800: started exploration; around Tuscany area; became the first iron age culture of Italy; cremated people and buried the urns (some urns were ornate)
- Italici
- Various tribes in the regions of Italy around 600 B.C.; each community developed their own culture; Umbrians, Sabellians, Latins (right around Rome), Samnites (Mountains) and Veneti (around where Venice now is)
- Latins
- Inhabited what Romans would call Old Latium, the area next to the Tibur River since about 1,000 B.C. An Indo-European tribe that later became part of the Italici. Most liking came from Balkan Peninsula but in myths say the tribe is descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas who came after the sack of Troy by the Greeks.
- Etruscans
-
Some of the earliest peoples in Italy. There is debate as to whether the villanovan people transitioned into the Etruscan people (favored by italians...). In reality, they are probably from the eastern Mediterranean by sea. They conquered Rome in 550 BC, and imposed government, culture, religion. This gave a strong influence on what rome was to become. They had a very ridged social hierarchy, and effective military. Aristocrats imposed themselves on the majority of the population. Organized their territory into leagues, with 12 leagues reporting to 1 centralized leader. They were great engineers, building walls/fortifications, marsh clearage, aqueducts, and advanced stonework.
Religion :Anthropomorphic gods, men and women. Elaborate theology and genealogy of the Gods. Very interested in divination (foretelling or validation).
Augury: Observed the flights of birds with idea that nothing happens in nature without purpose. Vultures⬦ bad news
Written language:
o Similar to eastern Mediterranean
o Similar to greek
o Most is religious, no literature
Varied from other indoeuropeans though, in that they preferred cremation, instead of burial. - Aeneas
- Fled the burning of Troy and grabbed his father Anchises and carried him; him and his followers settled in Carthage, which was founded by the Phoenicians and ruled by Queen Dido, who Aneas rejected; he moved on and settled in Albalonga (15miles south of Rome), and then became a god and 12 generations went on after him
- Dido
- Queen of Carthage; falls in love with Aneas and proposed to him; when he rejected her, Dido formed an undying hatred for Aneas’ people and committed suicide
- Rea Silvia
- one of the first Vestal virgins (a prestige role in which they kept hearths burning to represent the continuation of the state and the continuation of fertility); the god of Mars (agriculture and war) got Rea pregnant with two boys: Romulus and Remus; she was buried alive because she was no longer a virgin; her babies were sent down and river and dumped at Rome where a female wolf saved them
- Romulus
- 753: After being raised to adulthood by a shepherd, Romulus and his twin brother sought revenge and got rid of Amulius. They settled in what is now Rome, but they each wanted to rule their own city. Romulus was pushy and declared a border for the two villages. Remus was angry and violated the border (hopped over the wall) and Romulus had him killed. The name then became Roma for the city. Romulus kidnapped women from the Sabines to help the ratio issue. And in an effort to create politics, he divided his people into three tribes. The assembly of the Curia was created out of this.
- Remus
- Twin brother of Romulus. Historically raised by shepherd with brother but mythologically raised by a wolf with his brother. His story is above under Romulus.
- Numa Pompilius
- the next king in line after Romulus; the father of Roman religion; also created pontifex maximus (spokesperson from the gods for the people of Rome). Sabine successor to Romulus, because Romulus died without a son to rule after him. Contributed to the Roman calendar, and started the office of Pontifex Maximus. (4pts. Notes: Father of Roman Religion)
- Tullus Hostilius
- the king after Numa Pompilius who created the Fetiales priests who organized wars and declared it through a ceremony
- Ancus Martius
- fourth king of the Republic who kept things a float and didn’t make any policies; his reign ended in 616
- Mars
- Roman God of war and agriculture. Training field outside of rome called the field of Mars, open area outside of servian wall that used to be a marsh.
- Tarquinius Priscus
- 616 B.C. Fifth King of the Republic, Etruscan, militarily took over Rome. He brought much change and development to Rome.
- Servius Tullius
- 6th King of Rome, Tarquinius’ son-in-law, mother a slave woman. He had many military successes and was able to gain the hills surrounding Rome. (City of four regions, 3 hills and original Rome) 560 B.C. Built Servian Wall, some of which still stands today.
- Tarquinius Superbus
-
535- 509 B.C. Servius’ son-in-law, murdered Servius, Last King of Rome, A tyrant, he alienated the Senators and upper classes and was disrespectful of Roman traditions. 509 Driven out of Rome which began the Roman Republic.
- L. Junius Brutus
- Led the revolt to overthrow Tarquinius Superbus in 509 after the rape of the noble woman. This is thought to be the beginning of the roman republic.
- Lars Porsenna
- Etruscan King, waged war against rome. He orginally was trying to help Tarquinius Superbus regain rule, but was swayed when he saw a captured young Roman stick his hand in the fire as a display of Roman courage.
- Jupiter Optimus Maximus
- Name of temple constructed in 509
- Decemvirs
- “Ten Men†group gathered to write a code of law defining the principles of the roman administration.
- Aequi
- Early Latin people in constant stuggle with neighbors until Rome gained control of the region
- Volsci
- Early Latin people in constant stuggle with neighbors until Rome gained control of the region
- Appius Claudius Caecus
- Roman noble who urged Romans to crush Pyrrhus and his army. Refused to accept diplomatic terms after the 1st and 2nd Pyrrhic Battles. The Appian Way is named after him.
- Pyrrhus
- Greek king who fought against the Romans in the Phrric Wars. He won the first 2 major battles but lost large numbers of men. This is where the term Pyrrhic Victory came from.
- Mammertines
- mercenaries who had overtaken messana. They fought with carthage against rome and hiero.
- Hamilcar Barca
- Father of Hannibal and Hasdrubal Barca. Fought during the first Punic War in Spain and Sicily. As a ruling general Hamilcar hoped to win greatness for Carthage and defeat the Romans who were growing in power. Hamilcar was born in the Carthaginian controlled portion of Sicily and hoped to conquer the rest of it for Carthage. “Barca†is believed to mean thunderbolt. Hamilcar also served as part of the peace party following the 1st Punic War. Enlisted the help of the mammartines in Sicily.(5pts)
- M. Porcius Cato (The Censor)
-
· Attack politician
· Wanted to destroy Carthage to destroy the symbol of roman resistance
· 149-146, it took longer than it should have, but once they got it together, they rolled Carthage, sewed it with salt. - Attalus of Pergamum
-
· He had observed the greek and Macedonian war
· Smart, got on the right side of roman politics early
· He foresaw civil strife, as he had no sons, and didn’t want conflict
· Joined Rome, and became Roman province of “asia†- P. Cornelius Scipio Aemelianus
- Led the attack of Carthage that ended 146. Took the name africanus after victory.
- Po
- Rich farmland of Northern Italy
- Apennines
- mountain rage along the spine of italy
- Adriatic
- Sea dividing Italian peninsula with present day croatia
- Tarentum
- Sea port in southern italy. Greek city that hires pyrrhus to attack the romans
- Brundisium
- Sea port close to Greece, on the backside of the boot heel.
- Capitoline
- One of the seven hills of rome
- Aventine
- another of the seven hills of rome
- Epirus
- Region of present day greece. King pyrrhus of epirus.
- Messana
- one of the important cities fought over during the 1st Punic War. It is centered in Sicily. This is where king Heiro of Syracuse aided Rome in fighting the Mammartines and Carthage. In the end, Messana fell to Roman control, like all lands controlled by Carthage at the end of the 1st Punic War in 241.(4pts)
- Mylae (battle)
- In 260. Romans use the corvus. Rome won convincingly but did not feel prepared to envade Carthage.
- Ecnomus
- In 256, 330 Roman ships total. 24 lost. still using the corvus. 350 Carthaginian; 95 lost. Rome was then able to invade carthage.
- Aegates Islands
- 242. Rome wins. then able to go to africa in 241, and force carthage into an unconditional surrender.
- Sicily
-
Roman vs. Carthage in sicily.
· Hamilcar and the Carthaginians were winning lots of battles in Sicily
· Romans wanted to end war in Africa, and put all efforts into another invasion, proved to be a good strategy. - 753
- founding of Rome
- 616
- Estruscan monarchy
- 509
- founding of the Republic
- Comitia Curiata
- was the “assembly of the Hundreds.†It was in charge of the army and by 300 BC it was the most important assembly.(4pts Notes: what did it do?)
- familia
- Much broader term for Romans than us. Immediate and extended family. Under the direction of the oldest male, called pater familias. Also the most distinguished and illustrious. Must have had a military background and probably politics/elected office to gain such status. Authority was almost unlimited. Over family, slaves, servents (all in familia)
- pater familias
- father of the family
- gens
- reated by Romulus; the state was divided into three tribes, which were then divided into 10 curias (clans), which were then split into Gens
- pietas
- respect for gods and elders
- fides
- faith/loyalty
- quaestor
- an elected official in the ComitaTributa who had to be Patrician; they were financial officers
- aedile
- looked as authority figures for Plebians; they maintained the upkeep for the temples and community
- tribunes
- looked as authority figures for Plebians; they maintained the upkeep for the temples and community
- Concilium Plebis
- the new city state created by the Plebian community. They had 10 elected tribunes whose term was a year. When the council passed something, it was called plebescita (people’s vote).
- plebiscita
- people’s vote (when the Concilium plebis passed a law)
- Comitia Tributa
- 300s: 35 Roman tribes (based on Geography), this assembly was very similar to the concilium plebis that they sort of merged; this tribal assembly started electing two officers called quasters
- praetor
- right under the consuls; in charge of the administration of Rome; often served as a judge
- maniple
- maniples were units of 140 soldiers and there were 30 maniples (this was a shift from hop-lite warfare)
- ius suffragium
- right to vote
- ius honorum
- right to hold office
- iura privata
- private law
- ius comercium
- Right to commence; less unjust taxes
- foedus
- treaty
- imperium
- soveriegn power of the state; most powerful
- corvus
- the corvus was a device attached to Roman ships during the first Punic War in order to make up for the insufficiencies of their navy. It allowed the Romans to latch on to Carthaginian ships ofter ramming them in order to board the vessels. They evened the playing field for the Romans. It was effective but led to the Roman ships being not sturdy when the corvus was not in use.(5pts)
- protectorate
- As with Illyria. After rome went in and took over to eliminate piracy, rather than integrate the state, they allowed Independence. The new king promised loyalty, and they left.
- province
- This would become the more popular form of governance. Rome left Illyeria in 228 a free state, and then went to Sicily in 227, where they made Sicily the 1st province. This became the standard.
- lex Hortensia
- state formally recognized for laws passed by the Plebian assembly were binding to the entire state
- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Samnite Wars
- from 340-290, various disputes and shifting allegiances, but in the end, Rome destroys the Samnites, killing them at will before agreeing to a treaty.
- Pyrrhic Victory
- A victory that comes at a devastating cost. Comes from Pyrrhus of Eprius, a Greek leader hired by Tarentum to fight the romans. He wins the battles of heraclea and asculum, but at too great a cost.
- gladius
- Roman Short Sword 1-1.5 ft long. Part of the roman change in weaponry as they went to war with rebelling surrounding Latin States.
- Sabines
- italic tribe lived in central Appennines and Latium north of the Anio. Romans captured and raped Sabine women to increase population of Rome.
- Gauls (celts)
- celtic people living in Gaul (France, Belgium, Switzerland). Conquered by Julius Caesar in 51 BC
- Camillus
- - had been exiled by the state, but called back to mediate negotiations with the Gauls who had taken over Rome for seven months. He led the Romans to taking back Rome and received recognition and fame when Rome was gained back
- Samnites
- people of southern italy (Samnium). Fought romans in Samnite wars
- Decius Mus
- Co-consul in the Latin War. Romans were losing battle, decius rode in full armor into the middle of and fought viciously. Latins retreated and killed him with darts, allowed Romans to regoup, romans won battle. His son and grandson died in the same way of sacrifice in future wars (3rd Samnite).
- Bacchus
- Roman god of wine and revelry. “altered state of mind†parties
- Juno
- Patron goddess of Rome, equivalent to Hera for the greeks. protector of the state
- Hiero of Syracuse
- Appointed ruler of greeks in Sicily after Pyrrhus left. Initially given support by carthage to put down mammertine take over of messana. Hiero then joined and was loyal to rome for the rest of his life.
- Hasdrubal
- brother of hannibal. helped in iberian campaign
- P. Cornelius Scipio (elder)
- father of scipio africanus. leader in spain, when he died he was replaced by his son.
- P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
-
Takes his fathers place in spain, very successful, as a result, heads back to rome to be a consul
o He wanted to take the battle to carthage, away from Hannibal and his soft troops
o By the time the romans were ready for the battle commitment in 202, Hannibal was back in Africa
o Scipio was only 26 at the time, but he wins the battle of zama in 202, defeating carthage.
- Hannibal
- Led Carthage during the second punic war. One of the greatest military commanders of all time. Winner of numerous battles. From spain, he tried to take massive army to rome, across the alps.
- T. Quinctius Flamininus
- conquered greece, defeating philip V of macedon
- Q. Fabius Maximus (Cunctator)
- “the delayer†chosen as dictator for rome as hannibal was threatening to attack the weakened city. After a while, Romans did not like his indirect style. They wanted a win. This led to Varro’s losing the battle of Cannae.
- Masinissa of Numidia
- King of Numidia. Roman ally in the Battle of Zama (Which ended the 2nd punic war). Numidians were typically on the side of Carthage, but switched to ally with P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus.
- Queen Teuta
- Queen of Illyria. Rome conquered them, placed a king, and then left them to be a protectorate rather than a province.
- Antiochus
- Ruler of the Selucid Empire, portrayed as a defender of greek ways against rome.
- Philip V of Macedon
-
Fought antiochus. 1st and 2nd macedonian wars fought against rome. Once rome defeated carthage, they went to macedon to protect their greek allies. ended in a treaty with philip being confinded to macedon
⬢ Why is it taking the romans so long to decide what to do with the greeks?
o They could have wiped them in the 1st Macedonian war
o It probably stems from a roman inferiority complex
o The romans were dealing with a greek cultural force, they emulated the greeks, politically and culturally. They were dominating a culture they took to be superior to their own.
- Latium
- Central-Western region of Italy in which Romen/Latin league is located. Presently called Lazio
- Latin League
- 7th Cent BC-338BC. Confederation of 30 villages/city states in Latium region. Originally for mutual protection, especially from mountain peoples. Rome came to dominate the League. After Rome won the Latin War (338BC), cities of league came under Roman rule.
- Lake Regillus (battle)
- Romans defeat latin league led by expelled Etruscan king of rome tarqunius superbus. 496
- Allia River (battle)
- Gauls defeated romans at the river, and then plundered the city, around 390
- Clusium
- Ancient city (mondern Tuscan) in north central Italy West of Apennines. Lars Porsena, king of Clusium, helped L. Tarquinius Superbus attempt to regain Roman throne (508BC). He failed but gained a peace treaty...not conquered.
- Capua
- (Battle 212BC) between Hannibal and Romas Fulvius Flaccus and Claudius Pulcher. 20k and 2k cavalry Carthagians vs 40k romans. Tactial victory of Carthaginians, but no huge change. Large roman casualties, Romans withdraw. Capua itself is a city in souther region of Campania. Ruled by Etruscans until Samnit invasion. Winter quarters of Hannibal in 2nd Punic War.
- Caudine Forks (battle)
- 321 BC, decisive event of 2nd Samnite War. Roman army caught in narrow moutain pass. Surrender with little fighting. Made to pass under a yoke, but soldiers released.
- Campania
- region in Southern Italy. Site of Samnite, Pyrric, and Punic wars.
- Appian Way
- Roman road built during the samnite wars. built by appius.
- Sentium (battle)
-
Decisive battle of the 3rd Samnite war, where rome beat samnites, etruscans, and gallic allies. this unified central italy. fought at sentinum.
- Heraclea (battle)
-
Year 280. Battle.
⬢ 45,000 Romans vs 35,000 Greeks and 20 elephants
⬢ Roman cavalry spooked by elephants
⬢ 7K Romans dead, 4K greek killed
⬢ Pyrrhus thought he was losing too many people
- Asculum (battle)
-
279
⬢ 8K romans dead 3K Greeks
⬢ Distance warfare used
⬢ Another win, but at a great cost
⬢ Decided to push his army to Rome, had no support from Other people around the romans
⬢ Roman alliance held, Forced to turn around
- Beneventum (battle)
- 20K Romans Killed, 35K Pyrrhus’s Greeks. Pyrrhus returned to Epirus after this.
- Telamon (battle)
- Romans vs. gauls in northern italy. rome wins, gaining control.
- Ebro River Treaty
- Treaty signed in 226 by Hasdrubal the Handsome and Romans that the ebro river in iberia marked the boundary between the two empires. Carthage to the south and rome to the north. Rome would eventually ally with saguntum, which is south of the ebro, giving hannibal reason to wage war.
- Massila
- Greek colony allied itself with rome for protection.
- Trebia River (battle)
- 218: Hannibal’s cavalry attacked the Romans’ camp, causing the Romans to immediately cross the freezing cold river. They were cold, hungry, ill-prepared, and had not studied the disposition of the troops or the land ahead of time. The counsel survived, but it was a huge Roman defeat and Hannibal then had access to Northern Italy.
- Lake Trasimene (battle)
- Hannibal defeats Romans led by Gaius Flaminius. It is one of the largest ambushes in history. Hannibal drew the romans down a narrow road, where his army attacked from high ground, pushing the narrow roman formation into the lake.
- Cannae
- - Rome was tired of losing battles, and Varro, one of the two consuls aggressively pushed the troops into battle. Hannibal defeated a much larger roman army using the cresent shape tactic. Rome pressed forward, and carthage retreated slowly, creating a pocket. Rome then killed them effectively destroying the Roman Army for a considerable time.
- Zama
- Battle that ended the 2nd punic war, defeating hannibal. Rome gave Carthage humiliating terms. Romans could not stop hannibal in italy, so they invaded carthage, to get hannibal back to africa.
- Illyria
- region in western part of the Balkan peninsula. Conquerd by Rome in 168BC in Illyrian Wars. First War (229-218) against Queen Teuta. Illyans attacked Roman merchants and kiled an envoy. Rome responded with army led by Postumius Albinus. Won, installed Demetrius of Pharos as leader of illyria
- Transalpine Gaul
- - Roman province in late 2nd century BCE (121 BCE). First significant Roman territory outside of Italy. The section of Gaul lying across the Alps from italy.
- Cisalpine Gaul
- area south/southeast of the Alps. Province until 41 BC. Then merged into Italy. Southern border was Rubicon river
- Corinth
- - 146: in the same year Rome defeated Carthage, Rome also completely wiped out the Greek city-state of Corinth for attempting to be independent of Roman control. Rome would not negotiate any terms of independence and attacked Corinth, killing all the men and kidnapped/sold the women and children. This made other provinces wonder if this was going to be the Romans’ go-to method of handling disputes.
- Numidia
- Berber kingdom in part of Algeria and Tunisia. Cavalry originally sided with Carthage in punic wars, but then split so many allied with Rome. Cavalry was key factor in many of Hannibal’s and, later, Scipio Africanus’ victories. later Led by jugurtha. Lost war against Romans in 104ish BC.
- Patrician
- elite families in ancient Rome. Later broadened to include high council officials.
- Plebian
- general body of free land-owning Romans. Could become quite wealthy and influential. Gained equality in Conflict of heh Orders in 287 BC
- Consuls
- 509: with the start of the Republic, the monarchy was modified and two consuls were put into power instead of one king. Consuls were elected and served one year terms. They had to agree on all decisions and went to the Senate for advice.
- Septimonium
- - 700: Seven areas of Rome and has a religious influence
- dictator
- extraordinary magistrate with absolute authority. Was an elected position. Term usually limited to 6 months, though most would cede powers soon after completeing the task they were chosen for. Became chief of military and highest magistrate. Could pass new laws without others consent, but laws only good as long as dictator was in power.
- Code of the 12 Tables
- Plebian demand for written rights, but only angered them. More confining than before, for example, plebians were forbidden to marry patricians. This had been assume before, but never concrete. It was a direct confirmation of their inferior status.
- Censors
- Officer of ancient Rome responsible for maintaining the Census, supervising public morailty. Elected position. Regarded as highest honor behind dictator.
- Consular tribunes
- elected title. Plebian (?). could summon plebeian council and Senate. Untouchable, power only good within walls of Rome
- cursus honorum
- course of offices a roman leader had to progress through.
- foedus Cassianum
- Treaty between rome and the latin league in 493 after battle of lake regillus.
- iura publicata
- right of the people
- SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanum -
- “Senate and people of Rome†insignia found on many documents from the time period.
- quinquireme -
- designed for ramming, strengthened the prows, much more so than greek ramming triremes. 5 levels of oars.
- Licino-Sextian laws
- Roman law enacted 367 BC. Restored consulship, reserved one consul position for a plebeian. Limited possession of conquered land. A result of Conflict of Orders