History Final Review
THis isn't all of it yet. I'm putting the terms on a few at a time. They should all be on from 7-9. But just study what i've put up there so far
Terms
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- Cecil Rhodes
- a British adventurer who mad a fortune from gold and diamond mining in South Africa. Founded a colony known as Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
- Jose Marti
- a writer and political activist who led Cubans in a revolt against spanish rule. He failed
- Victor Emmanuel II
- the first king of a united Italy. He was greatly helped by Count Cavour
- Emmeline Pankhurst
- led a women's voting rights campaign in Britain. She founded the WSPU
- kaiser
- emperor of a united Germany
- Schleiffen plan
- plan by germany to take france quickly before russia could mobilize and then they would take russia
- soviets
- a workers council formed early in the Russian Revolution
- sphere of influence
- a region in which the imperial power had exclusive investment of trading rights
- realpolitik
- the right of the nation-state to pursue its own advantages by any means, including war and the repudiation of treaties
- Frederick Taylor
- encouraged manufacturers to divide tasks into detailed and specific segments of a step-by-step procedure
- Treaty of Rome
- italy, west Germany, belgium, netherlands, luxembourg, france formed teh european coal and steel community. treaty of rome brought all of their economies together. also created european economic community. ( common Market)
- Willaim II
- favored militarism absolute authority of emperor brought him into conflict with Bismarck
- Gadsen Purchase
- the purchase of the Western United States
- Shaka
- the king of the Zulu in the early 1800s. He was unable to win a decisive victory against the Boers
- kulturkampf
- Bismarck's cultural struggle between church and state
- Christian Democrats
- led by Konrad Adenaver. formed first west germany gov. capalist economy
- pogrom
- an organized massacre of a minority group. The Russians encouraged tehm against the Jews during thier time of Russification
- arbitration
- settlement by a third party that is agreeable to both sides
- lend - lease
- policy by FDR during WWII. authorized the president to lend war equipment to any country whose defense he deemed vital to national security
- Roosevelt Corollary
- President Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, in which the U.S. was now able to actively force Latin American countries to honor thier foriegn debt
- imperialism
- one country's domination of the political, economic, and social life of another colony
- atomic bomb
- used for two reasons: 1) avoid loss of life of amercians. 2) impress teh soviets and stop them//// dropped on hiroshima(aug. 6, 1945) and nagasaki three days later
- potsdam conference
- six months later, truman, attlee, stalin met. stalin pushed other two around
- Pearl Harbor
- Japanese leaders knew teh had to destroy the american pacific fleet based at pearl harbor. FDR felt an attack coming but thought it would be in southeast asia. as a precaution U.S. military leaders sent all aircraft carriers and half the armys planes from pear harbor. the Japanese attack of pearl harbor was devastating. sinking or disabling 19 ships
- Monroe Doctrine
- a warning to the European powers not to interfere with the countries of the western hemisphere
- Muhammad Ali
- the governer of Egypt. To modernize Egypt, he reformed tax and systems, encouraged industry, and supported irrigation projects to boost cotton production
- the Afrikaners
- the Dutch settlers that settled on the port of Cape Town, they hated the British and believed blacks were inferior
- battle of britain
- after hitler took france. he realized an invasion of great britain would depend of air supremecy of the english channel and destroying the english airfields and vital industries. the RAF fought hard and even though they were outnumbered they werwe able to hold the upper hand in teh air. then hitler started to bomb london nightly. but the bombings did not break british morale.
- Ferdinand Lassalle
- a writer and labor leader, founded the Universal German Workingman's Association
- Otto Von Bismarck
- helped William I to unite all of Germany, embraced the policy of realpolitik
- Guisseppe Mazzini
- an active leader in the fight for Italian independance. Founded a secret society known as young Italy. The goal of the society was to transform Italy into an independant sovereign nation
- Cash - and - Carry
- Policy by FDR during WWII. STated that great britain could trade cash for greatly needed supplies. allowed U.S. to supply the british without losing its neutrality
- containment policy
- suggested by george kennan, state department expert on the soviet union. it holds back the spread of communisn
- valery giscard d'estaing
- successor of pompidou.. continued pompidous domestic and internation policies. less state economical contrl and more pirvate enterprise
- social democrats
- moderate socialist party led by west berlin mayor, willy brandt
- Midway
- battle in which americans won. ending the japanese navy superiority in teh pacific
- Samuel Slater
- the British 21-year old spinner who smuggled himself from Britain to the U.S. and helped build spinners in the U.S.
- militarism
- support for a powerful military prepared for war
- berlin wall
- wall built by soviets to keep east berlin separate from west berlin. they wanted people to stop going from east berlin to west berlin
- el alamein
- british commander bernard montgomery stopped rommel in africa at this spot
- nicholas II
- weak prussian leader. son of alexander III
- protectorate
- a country whose policies are guided by a foriegn nation
- trench warfare
- miles of trenches
- Queen Victoria
- became the queen of England at age 18
- Nation-state
- a political organization consisting of one nationality rather than several
- Gavrilo Princip
- Murder of francis ferdinand
- labour party
- appealed to britons who wanted greater economic equality
- creoles
- colonial born white aristocrats who were below the peninsulares. Although they controlled most of the land and business in the colonies, they were considered second class
- colony
- a territory than an imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials
- William I
- the king that united all of Germany
- Guglielmo Marconi
- devised the wireless telegraph, later modified into the radio
- Porfirio Diaz
- strengthened the army and limited individual freedoms in Mexico
- Louis Phillipe
- the Citizen King
- chancellor
- chief minister of the German Empire
- Maginot Line
- wall built by french in WWII. major flaw, it didnt protect side of country next to belgium. Germans just came through belgium
- western front
- not mobile.. trench warfare
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- Soviets put nuclear warheads in Cuba. kennedy reacted by blocking off cuba from all resources.
- Francis Ferdinand
- spark of WWII. archduke of Austria Hungary. Murdered
- gallipoli campaign
- churchhill wanted to take turkey out of the war. attacked teh peninsula of gallipoli. turks held them off
- coral sea
- first victory for allies in the pacific
- Wilbur and Orville Wright
- the american inventors who carried out the first scuccesful flight of a motorized plane in 1903
- nuremburg trials
- brought nazi leaders to justice for pursuing "aggresive war" and for " committing crimes against humanity"
- Menelik II
- the Ethiopian emperor that defended Ethiopia against the Italians in the 1880s
- NATO
- North Atlantic treaty Organization formed by the U.S., GB, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Canada, Greece, and Turkey. Members of this military alliance agreed that an attack on one would considered an attack on all.
- Thomas Edison
- the american inventor who developed the phonograph which produced sound. He also invented the light bulb
- mestizos
- latin americans of mixed american and european ancestory. Worked as servants for the peninsulares
- William Gladstone
- one of the prime ministers during Queen Victoria's reign. He was of the liberal party. He made reforms in the areas such as, government administration, education, and elections
- Security council
- 1 of two main power bodies in teh UN. established diplomatic, political, and military disputes. made up of 11 members, five permanent, U.S., france, GB, china, soviet union
- Miguel Hidalgo
- led the fight against the Spanish rule in Mexico. He was captured and executed
- anarchy
- the abscence of government (and a horrible idea that would never work)
- guadalcanal
- first in a series of island battles the americans fought as they introduced island hopping
- george pompidou
- succesor of charles de gualle. worked to build closer relations with GB and the U.S. focused on economic growth
- Stalingrad
- major industrial center on the volga river. august 22, germans attacked stalingrad. stalin ordered the city to be held at all costs. soviets launched a counter attack and encircled the german forces threating the city. hitler refused to retreat. finally german leaders surrendered. major turning point for russia. 100,000 germans died. 80,000 captured
- papal infallibility
- the doctrine that the pope, when speaking on matters of faith and morals, is infallible, or free from error
- conscription
- the compulsory call up of civilians for military service
- kamikaze
- japanese pilots voluteered for suicide missions
- Simon Bolivar
- led many colonies to independance in Latin America
- Yalta conference
- roosevelt, churchhill, stalin, met to discuss issues affecting the postwar world. The UN, dividing of berlin
- ultraroyalists
- nobles favoring a return to the old order in France
- operation overlord
- D-Day. june 6 , 1944. convoy carrying troops and equipment sailed across the english channel to french province of normandy. british bombers attacked german coastal defenses, and allied airborne troops parachuted into france to assist teh invasion
- autocracy
- a government in which one person rules with absolute authority
- Abd al-Qadir
- the leader of the Algerians. Fought against the French for ten years
- emancipation
- the freeing of the serfs in Russia
- alliance systems
- defense agreements between nations
- Benjamin Disraeli
- one of the two prime ministers during queen victoria's reign. Believed that the conservative party could save aristocratic traditions while adopting democratic reforms
- Pope Pius IX
- broke diplomatic ties with Germany after declaring the May Laws invalid
- Charles Stewart Parnell
- led Irish nationalists seeking a debate on home rule, or self-government, in parliament
- Charles X
- the French King that set out to restore absolute monarchy in France with the help of the ultraroyalists
- Zimmerman telegram
- telegram from germany to mexico asking them to side with them
- king emmaunuel III
- july 25, pressed into ation by antiwar factions. fired mussolini and had him arrested
- Giusseppe Garibaldi
- became an expert in Guerrilla warfare. He led the red shirts in conquering much of southern Italy. He then met with Victor E and Count Cavour and agreed to give up all of his conquered lands in order to creat a united Italy
- nationalism
- the desire for national independance
- William II
- succeeded William I as kaiser of Germany, he accepted Bismarck's resignation
- Benito Juarez
- the Mexican president who reduced the power of the military, seperated church and state, and improved teh lot of impoverish farmers
- Jose de San Martin
- led latin american armies over the andes mountains into Chile. Declared Peru independant
- Louis-Napolean
- became emperor afer Louis Phillipe, favored the wealthy, overthrown in the Revolution of 1848
- Elizabeth II
- little power, but served as a reasuring symbol of traditional british values.