kaplan anatomical science
Terms
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- outer membrane of nuclear envelope
- continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum
- nucleolus
- site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
- the higher the cholesterol content
- the more tightly the phospholipids of the bilayer are packed, high rigidity and low fluidity
- increasing proportion of unsaturated fatty acids or shorter-chain fatty acids
- increases membrane fluidity
- cholesterol
- dcreases fluidity somewhat but prevents actual freezing, always increases mechanical stability
- simple diffusion
- not saturable
- nuclear env
- thicker than the plasma memb
- nuclear lamin
- a lattice-like network of proteins has an impt role in the structural organization of the nucleus
- most abundant RNA in the cell
- rRNA
- non histone protein
- enzymes involved in DNA repair, transcription, replication, etc
- heterochromatin
- transcriptionally inactive, highly condensed
- euchromatin
- transcriptionally active form of chromatin
- lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
- muscle at the gastroesophageal jxn sometimes called a physiological sphincter bc it is not a true anatomic sphincter
- secretin, cck, coffee, alcohol, stomach distension
- decrease LES (lower esophageal sphincter) tone, predisposing pts to gastroesophagel reflux dz (GERD)
- achalasia
- inability of LES to relax
- regulation of LES accomplished by inhibitory neurons releasing
- nitic oxide (NO) and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide,as stimulation of secretion by the pancreas and small intestine, vasodilation, and inhibition of gastric juice production)
- cck, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide)
- inhibit gastric emptying
- Brunner's glands
- mucus secretion in duodenum
- gastrin
- produced by G cells in duodenum, secretion stimulated by vagal discharge and products of digestion, main fxn to stimulate HCL secretion by parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells
- cck
- produced by duodenum, stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion, stimulate gallbladder contraction, decrease gastric emptying
- secretin
- stimulate bicarbonate containing fluid from the pancreas and liver, inhibition of gastric emptying and inhibition of gastric acid production
- GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
- stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion in the presence of hyperglycemia
- when pH is greater than the pKa
- the base form (A-) is dominant
- when pH is less than the pKa
- the acid (HA) form is dominant
- pKa
- pH where the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base is equal
- buffer
- most effective when used in a pH range near the pKa
- when HA = A-
- pH of the solution equal to pKa of the weak acid
- bicarbonate,
- major buffer in plasma and interstitial fluid
- protein and organic phosphate esters
- major buffers of intracellular fluid
- histidine
- only aa with good buffering capacity at physiological pH
- carbonic acid
- H2CO3
- bicarbonate anion
- HCO3-
- L amino acids
- only these are incorporated into proteins
- pH at which a molecule is electrically neutral
- isoelectric point
- zwitterion
- at neutral pH, has both a negative and a positive charge
- polysome
- a single mRNA with bunch of ribosomes from 5 to 3 direction
- golgi apparatus
- cis faces RER, trans faces plasma memb, fxn: posttranslational modification
- catalase
- major peroxisomal protein, degrades the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
- peroxisome
- beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, reduce to c10 and complete in mitochondria
- VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
- reside in the parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and small intestine, stimulate water and electrolyte secretion, relax intestinal smooth ms, inhibit gastric juice
- somatostatin
- inhibits the release of cck, gastrin, most GI hormones
- parietal cells
- secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
- chediak-higashi syndrome
- defect in the ability of microtubules to polymerize within leukocytes, leads to a delay in the fusion of phagosomes within lysosomes, preventing phagocytosis of bacteria
- bronchiectasis
- caused by immotile cilia in respiratory tract, inability to move inhaled bacteria
- sarcolemma
- plasma memb of muscle cells
- druing contraction, A band
- does not change size
- adherent jxn
- connect actin filaments in adjacent cells
- desmosomes
- connect intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
- increased intracellular calcium will
- close gap jxns, this prevents the death of one cell from killing its coupled neighbors
- increase in cAMP will
- increase gap jxns to communicate
- glycosaminoglycans
- carbohydrate component of proteoglycans
- two major structural proteins are
- collagen and elastin (both are fibrous proteins)
- two major adhesive proteins in extracellular matrix are
- fibronectin and laminin
- laminin
- major glycoprotein in basal lamina, mediates attachment of cells to CT
- Wolff's law
- tension on bone causes bone formation, pressure on bone results in bone resorption
- reversal line
- cessation of resorption, when osteoclastic ceases during bone remodeling
- Howship's lacunae
- region from where bone was resorbed, osteoclasts are usually located here in depressions of the bone surface
- hcg (human chorionic gonadotropin)
- this hormone maintains the corpus luteum and its progesterone secretion until placenta begins to produce its own progesterone
- epiblast
- one of embryblast layers, primary ectoder, form the amniotic cavity
- hypoblast
- one of embryoblast layers, primary endoder, primary yolk sac
- splanchnic
- visceral
- caudal
- tail
- rostral
- toward the oral or nasal region, superior, if considering brain, anterior or ventral
- three germ layers derived from
- epiblast
- embryo
- 3rd week to 8th wk in gestation
- fetus
- 3rd month to birth
- ectodermal nerual crest cells form
- dorsal root ganglia, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves, autonomic ganglia, meninges, schwann cells, adrenal medulla, melanocytes
- ectodermal derivatives
- nervous system, otic and lens placode, skin hair, nails, tooth enamel, pituitary and mammary glands
- mesodermal derivatives
- adrenal cortex
- endodermal layer derivatives
- GI tract