Review Questions on Chapters 1&2, earth's interior, etc
Terms
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- study of rocks and minerals as well as the origin, history, and structure of the earth
- geology
- study of weather, climate, and phenomena in the atmosphere
- meteorology
- four main elements of andesitic rocks
-
magnesium
iron
silicon
oxygen - two main elements that granitic rocks consist of
-
silicon
oxygen - two main elements that basaltic rocks consist of
-
magnesium
iron - general category for igneous rocks that form on the earth's surface
- extrusive
- general category for igneous rocks that form beneath the earth's surface
- intrusive
- texture for igneous rock that has interlocking mineral crystals that are visible with the unaided
- coarse grained
- texture for igneous rocks that has few or no interlocking mineral crystals
- glassy
- three main groups that sedimentary rocks can be classified into
-
chemical
detrital
organic - texture for igneous rock that has large interlocking mineral crystals over a background of very small crystals
- porphyritic
- detrital/ clastic sedimentary rock consists of rounded pebbles that have been naturally glued together
- conglomerate
- detirtal/ clastic sedimentary rock consists of pieces of gravel that have been naturally glued together
- breccia
- mass of intrusive rock that can create landforms
- pluton
- category of metamorphic rock that has parallel layers or bands
- foliated
- category of metamorphic rock that does not have parallel layers or bands
- nonfoliated
- texture for igneous rocks that have very small interlocking mineral crystals, which cannot be seen with the unaided eye
- fine grained
- idea or concept that there are different rock layers
- stratigraphy
- sediments form sedimentary rocks by forming horizontal layers or bands
- principle of horizontality
- idea that younger rock layers are on or near the surface and older rock layers are further down toward the bottom
- superposition
- discovered by James Hutton but published by Sir Charles Lyell. Hutton said that geological processes that are occuring now, occured in the past, and will occur in the future. The present is the key to the past.
- uniformitarianism
- has to do with compaction and cementation
- lithification
- which two types of sedimentary rock can limestone be?
-
chemical
organic - coal-mineral or organic sedimentary rock?
- organic sedimentary rock
- floral
- plant remains
- faunal
- animal remains
- year USS Alligator sunk
- 1883
- specific type of coarse grained igneous rock
- granite
- science that studies rocks, minerals, volcanoes, earthquakes, and the structure and origin of the earth
- geology
- science that studies the oceans
- oceanography
- science that studies the stars, planets, galaxies, and other bodies found in the universe
- astronomy
- science that studies the weather and phenomena in the atmosphere
- meteorology
- experiment that is run under ideal or constant conditions
- controlled experiment
- name for the condition that is being tested in an experiment
- variable
- experiment that only tests one variable at a time
- fair test
- how far does light travel in one year?
- 9.6 trillion km
- steps of scientific method
-
1. purpose
2. research
3. hypothesis
4. experiment
5. analysis
6. re-experiment
7. conclusion
8. error analysis - five characteristics a mineral must possess
-
inorganic
naturally occuring
crystalline structure
solid
definite chemical composition - two most abundant elements in the silicates mineral group
-
oxygen
silicon - who invented the hardness scale for identifying minerals?
- Friedrich Mohs
- six major crystal shapes
-
cubic
tetragonal
hexagonal
monoclinic
triclinic
orthohombic - neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons
- molecule
- if magma cools slowly then how will the minerals cool?
- the crystals would be large
- subatomic particles that make up the nucleus of an atom
-
protons
neutrons - number of how many different types of minerals there are
- 4,000
- technical name for fool's gold
- pyrite
- considered to be the seventh major crystal system
- trigonal
- element that makes up diamonds
- carbon
- mineral or rock from which metals and nonmetals can be removed in usable amounts
- ore
- this subatomic particle is negatively charged and found in rings or energy levels around the nucleus of an element______
- electrons
- one of two types of minerals that titanium can be extracted from
- rutile
- 2 or more elements chemically combined
- compound
- a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler forms
- element
- 2 or more elements physically combined
- mixture
- the building block of all matter
- atom
- a neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons
- molecule
- anything that takes up space and has mass
- matter
- list the 8 methods of identifying a mineral
-
1. color
2. hardness
3. streak
4. crystalline structure
5. specific gravity
6. cleavage/ fracture
7. luster
8. special properties - a factor that always equals one and is used in dimensional analysis
- conversion factor
- the act of changing a unit into a different unit
- dimensional analysis
- how much space an object takes up
- volume
- spectrums of invisible light
-
x-rays
UV rays
radio
infrared - suffix -nomy means
- systemized knowledge
- suffix -logy means
- science of
- type of weight (think NASA)
- Newtons
- type of mass
- Gram
- type of length
- Meter
- type of volume
- cm3 or Liters
- type of temperature
- Celcius
- Reflecting telescopes use ____ to collect and focus light
- mirrors
- You would use ____ to measure the distsance of objects outside our solar system
- light years
- Refracting telescopes use ____ to collect and focus light
- lenses
- Invisible and visible light both make up the ______ spectrum
- electromagnetic
- system of measurement used by scientists
- metric system
- Mass is the amount of _____ in an object
- matter
- billionth of a meter
- micrometer
- millionth of a meter
- nanometer
- ten-billionth of a meter
- angstrom