Geology Test II
Terms
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- What are the types of folds?
- Anticline, syncline; asymetrical, overturned and recumband. Also plunge is important.
- What is the difference between a hanging wall and a footwall?
- Hanging wall is above the fault; footwall is below the fault.
- What are the types of faults?
- Normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip and oblique-slip.
- What is the definition of structual geology? What are the thre scales of it? The three types?
- It is the study of the deformation of rocks associated with plate tectonics. Micro-, meso- and marcoscopic. Compressional, tensional and sheering.
- What are the components of attitude?
- Stike, dip, dip direction.
- What is a fault? What is a joint?
- A fault is a break in rock along which the rocks move parrallel to the fault plane. A joint is a break with movement only perpindicular to the break.
- What are internal processes? What are external processes?
- Internal are when landforms are created within the earth's crust (like volcanism). External are surficial processes where weathering and erosion break materials down.
- What are the types of weathering? How are they classifed?
- Physical weathering is the disintegration of rocks and minerals, dealing with pressure. Chemical weathering is the decomposition of minerals and subsequent rocks, turning stable rocks into unstable ones.
- What are the types of Mechanical weathering?
- Frost action, pressure unloading, salt crysalt formation, root wedging and thermal expansion/contraction.
- What are the types of chemical weathering?
- Solution, oxidation and hydrolosis.
- What affects the rate and extent of weathering?
- Climate: temperature and percipitatoin. Parent material: composition, number of fractures and grain size.
- What makes up a soil?
- Solid, organic, gaseous or liquid materials.
- What is the importance of weathering?
- Makes raw materials for formation of new rocks. Makes raw materials for nutrients and soils.
- What are the factors important in the development of soil?
- Climate, parent material, topography, biological factors and time.
- What is the soil profile? What are the soil horizons? What are the types of soils?
- Imature soils, young soils, mature soils. Leafy litter, topsoil, subsoil, parent material. Grassland, desert, caniferous, deciduous and tropic.
- How do you classify sedimentary rocks? What are the types of each?
- Clastic or chemical (or biochemical). Gravel, sand, mudstones. Limestones, evaporates, fossils, coal, coqina.
- What is a detrital sed. rock?
- A rock formed out of compacted sediments derived from weathering.
- What is a chemical sed. rock?
- A rock formed out of compacted sediments percipitated out of solution.
- What is a biochemical sed. rock?
- A rock formed out of compacted sediments derived from biological material or from minerals secreted from organisms.
- What is lithification? What is the cement? What are the three main types of cememnt?
- Compaction, expolsion of water, and cementation. The cements are minerals precipitated out of solution by chemical processes that bond sediments together. The three types are calcite, hematite and silica.
- What are some geological structures?
- Layers or strata, trough structure, fossils, ripple marks.
- What are some depositional environments?
- Delta beds, continental shelf, continental slope.
- What are the two main geologic uses of sed. rocks?
- Help geologists draw conclusions about the earth's history, and are a major source of fossil fuels.
- What are the three main factors in the creation of sedimentary rocks?
- Transportation, erosion and weathering.
- What are the three main factors in the formation of meta. rocks?
- Pressure, heat and fluid activity.
- How do you classify meta. rocks?
- Foliated and non-foliated.
- What are the prerequisits for each?
- Foliated require previous layering and many minerals. They are classifed as fine or coarse grain. Nonfoliated are monomineraliic or very fine grained.
- What is gradation? What are the sequences of increasing metamorphism for mineral, foliated and nonfoliated rocks?
- Gradation is minearls and rocks only being able to form at certain pressures and heats. They are chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite and kynatie. Foliated rocks: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, amphibole. Nonfoliated: marble, quartzite, greenstone, hornfels.
- What are the types of metamorphism?
- Contact: near surface, creates hornfels; aureoles; mostly temperature and fluid activity, size of intrusion, divergent plate boundaries. Dynamic: mostly pressure near faults; mylonites; localized; transform plate boundaries. Regional: large-scale; convergent plate boundaries, pressure first, then heat.
- What are the three types of strain?
- Elastic is when rocks don't break. Plastic is when rocks bend and stay. Fracture is when rocks break if more brittle.
- What are the general types of soil?
- Residual is a body of rock weathered forming soil in place. Tranported soil develops on weatehred materail that has been eroded and trasnported from the weathing site.
- What are the climate-specific types of soil?
- Pedalfers form where abudnant moisture is present such as humid regions in the east; most of the soluble minerals have been leached from horizon A. Pedocals are in arid and semiarid west and southwest; contain less organic matter, less intense chical weathering. Laterite forms in the tropics where chemical weathering is intense and leaching of minerals is complete; red soils.
- What are the specifics of parent material's effects on soil formation?
- Parent rocks are weathered differently and thus allow for more abundant or less abundant sources for soil creation.
- What is the difference between strain and stress?
- Strain deals with elastic, plastic and fracture. Stress is compression, tension shearing.