sage chapter 13 term vocab

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Civil Humanism: Idea that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs
Thomas More: a civic Humanist: Wrote Utopia, which mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect utopian society. Outlined that people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good
Chiaroscuro: use of Dark and Light colors to created the illusion of Depth
Sandro Botticelli: painter of Birth of Venus. The painting is a good example of humanism as the subject is Venus, the Roman goddess of love
Lorenzo de' Medici: significant patron of the arts, grandson of Cosimo
Humanism: Revival of Greek and Roman interest in philosophy, literature and art. Had a strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings and languages
Girolamo Savonarola: Became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494-1498 who pledged to rid Florence of its decadence and corruption, oversaw a theocracy in Florence. When France was removed from Italy in 1498, Savonarola was imprisoned and then burned at the stake.
Leonardo da Vinci: "Renaissance Man" who was a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, and scientist. His Mona Lisa is considered one of the great masterpieces in all of art history. Leonardo developed the sfumato, or a haze that softens the edges of objects in the painting.
Donatello: sculptor of David. David stands contrapposto and was the first nude Renaissance art piece.
Michel de Montaigne: Developed the essay form. Skepticism, doubt that rue knowledge could be obtained.
Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the immoral Renaissance popes who spent a fortune on art patronage
Johann Gutenberg: movable printing press. Made it possible to spread the humanistic literature to the rest of Europe with great speed. Lead to the publishing of the Bible in Mainz, Germany.
Signori: despots, controlled much of Italy by 1300
Francois Rebelais: wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel, a folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society. Attacked clerical education and monastic orders; championed secular learning
Bramante: an architects whose Tempietto marked the beginning of the High Renaissance in Rome when Alexander VI appointed him to build a sanctuary that marked the spot where Peter was crucified
Mannerism: Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color. Mannerism rebelled against the High Renaissance, which took art to perfection. This lead to works often used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated
Cosimo de' Medici: allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic
Raphael: a painter who painted the School of Athens. It is a quintessential example of humanism because Greco-Roman architecture is prominent, Plato and Aristotle are in the center of the painting, and sculptures are painted in contrapposto stance
Republic of Venice: Longest lasting of the Italian states because it did not succumb to foreign powers unit Napoleon. Also one of the world's great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries
Greek temple architecture: Greek columns, Roman arcs and domes. Had simplicity , symmetry and balance.
Marsilio Ficino: Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.
Pico Della Mirandola: Oration on the Dignity of Man. Stated that humans were created by God and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it.
Papal States: popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled a lot of central Italy
Jaques Lefevre d'Etables: Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative version of the bible; later condemned for heresy
Masaccio: Rist Renaissance painter to portray real, nude human figures in 3-D. made the Expulsion of Adam and Eve in 1427 which shoed tremendous emotion, both nude
Miguel de Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote, a critical of excessive religious idealism chivalric romance.
Naples Kingdom of the Two Sicilies: Only Italian city state to official have a "king"
Lorenzo Ghiberti: a sculptor who won a contest against Brunelleschi that let him oversee the sculpture of the bronze doors for the Florentine baptistery. The 2 doors are called the gates of paradise.
Giotto: considered the first Renaissance painter and used chiaroscuro
Michelangelo: Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. His sculptures include David, which was a humanistic marble sculpture that glorified the human body, was in a contrapposto stance, and facial features were emotional. Also sculptor of the Pieta, or Mary holding Christ, and is considered the most perfect marble sculpture ever made. He also designed the dome atom St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican
Charles V: HRE and king of Spain. His armies lead to the Sack of Rome in 1527
Condotierri: soldier for hire. Mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes.
Italian Renaissance: Occurred first in the 1300s to the mid 1600s. Considered the beginning of modern European History.
Bosch: a Netherlands artist who's art often focused on death and the pains of Hell
Petrarch: the Father of Humanism, considered the first modern writer because his literature was not subordinate to religion. Said that eth Middle Ages were the Dark Ages
Medici family: rulers of Florence with Cosimo de' Medici and Lorenzo de' Medici
Erasmus: Most celebrated of all northern humanists. Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament to create "pure" editions. He wrote In Praise of Folly, the best-sell second to the Bible. Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy, the book inspired renewed calls for reform and influence Martin Luther. Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched
Jacob Burckhart: He claimed the Renaissance period was in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages.
High Renaissance: centered in Rome and the Popes provided tremendous patronage to the arts. It featured classical balance, harmony, and restraint
Baldassare Castiglione: The Book of The Courtier. Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.
Fugger Family: Was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance
El Greco: The greatest of the Mannerists with his use of elongated figures and unnatural pigments, in Spain. Made Burial of Count Orgaz and the Toiedo
Isabella d' Este: First Lady of the Renaissance. Set an example that women should break away from expected roles, and stared a school for young women
Duchy of Milan: Ruled by Sforza Family after 1450; Milan was a principal adversary of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi created a relative 40- year period of peace among the Italian city states
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros: Grand inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition. A Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy and church so that many of the Church abuses that were highlighted during the Reformation did not necessarily apply to Spain. Made Complutensian Polyglot Bible, which placed Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the Bible in parallel columns.
Northern Renaissance: The Renaissance spread to the north around 1450. In England, the Renaissance did not begin until the 16th century - 17th century.
Machiavelli, the Prince: Stated that for rulers it was better to e feared than to be loved. Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless
Perspective: the zoom!! 3-D effects on a 2-dimensional surface
Virtu: quality of being a great man in whatever noble pursuit
Flemish style: a Northern Renaissance Art, More detail throughout painting, use of oil paints, more emotional that the Italian style, and works often preoccupied with death
Latin Vulgate: the authorized version of the Bible for the Catholic Church
Brunelleschi, Il Duomo: Flippo Brunelleschi was considered the father of perspective. Made the Il Duomo, a tome atop Santa Maria del Fiore. It was the largest dome in Europe at the time of its construction
Cesare Borgia: Son of Pope Alexander VI, Influence Machiavelli
Oligarchies: rule of merchant aristocracies, controlled much of Italy by 1300
Charles VIII: French King who invaded Naples in 1494
Christine de Pisan: Began a new debate over the proper role of women in society. Europe's first feminist, and well educated in France
Artemesia Gentilleschi: Perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era. First woman to paint historical and religious scenes
Commenda system: Contract between merchant and merchant adventurer who agreed to take goods to distant location s and return with the proceeds for 1/3 of the profit
Christian humanism: Part of the northern Renaissance which had an emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church. It drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and writings of the Church Fathers. The writings led to criticism of the Church, ultimately the Reformation
Jan van Eyck: Flemish oil painter, made Ghent Altarpiece, and Arnolfini and his Wife
Lorenzo Valla, excerpt on the Latin Language: Elegance of the Latin Language. Wrote On the False Donation of Constantine. Gave challengers of the Church authority ammunition, even though he remained Catholic.
Republic of Florence: It was ruled by the Medici's and a city state of Italy
Giorgio Vasari: wrote The Lives of the Artists. Massive patronage of the arts came from this and was lead by families like the Medici's and also the churches, who saw art as a means of glorifying God.
Sack of Rome, 1517: "sacked" by armies of the Holy Roman Emperor Chars V, king also of Spain, and symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy

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