roman 2

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Popilius Laenas: presided over special tribunal that tried and exicuted leading Gracchans- lynching Tiberius was not enough, opponents launch a purge which proves that this was not simply personal
Caesars rising prominence: as Curule aedile in 65 BC staes lavish games- 63 BC was elected as praetor and pontifex maximus, spoke against execution the Catilianarians- 62BC Bona Dea Scandal, Clodius, maverick patrician crashes women's religious ceremony in Caesar's housing in drag, Caesar divorces Pompeia caesar's wife must be beyond reproach- proconsul of further Spain, Crassus relieves Caesar of debts so that he could leave for the province, returns wiht military glory
M. Tullius Cicero: from a domi nobiles (small town important people) family in Arpinum, came to Rome to sutry, hated army life, elected queastor, beat Hortensius in a huge case (Trial of Verres), later became consul in 63 BC, he was the compromise choice, put down Catiline conspericy killing conspiritors without trial.
Pompey in the east: Mithridates defeated in short order- pompey in Syria, end of Selucid Empire- Pompey captures Jerusalem- Settles east with new provinces and a series of client kingdoms
Agreement at Bologna: lex titia (Established a formal commission)- tresvirirei publicae constitutendue- was a dictatorship- absolute military and civivl power- nominated all magistrates and allowance- proscriptions to destroy enemies (including cicero) and collect money from troops- defied caesar
Sulla's constitutional settlement: strict adherarence to the Cursus honorum- powers of hte tribunate reduced, being tribune disqualified from serbing in the future magistracy- 300 new senators- 20 annual quaestors- all quaestiones to senators.
Novus homo: new man- one whose ancestors had not been consul- they had to develop their own relationships in the senate
Caesar's Province: circumvented Senate's restrictive allocation through tribunician legislation, like Lex Vatinia which gave Caesar Cisalpine Gaul (northern italy) and Illricum (Yugoslavia) for 5 years this also extended hsi imperium keeping him from prosicution- Senate later added Transalpine Gaul (southern france) to head off a tricunician disposition- Caesar's use of violence lay him open to future prosecution
Ariovistus: german chieftan, brought in as mercenaries by the Sequani during Caesars conquest of Gual, he conquered the Sequani instead, other guals asked Caesar to help them, Caesar beat him at Bibracte
Sulla 2nd march on Rome: marched against Cinna's successor, Cn. Papirius Carbo- Battle of Colline Gate won by Sulla- Sulla wrote out proscritpions
Dictator legibus scibundis et rei publicae constituendae causa: dictator for hte sake of writing laws, means Sulla could write laws and he could make rules
Ascent of pompey: sulla became sick and advicated his dictatorship-
P. Mucius Scaevola: refused to do anything about riots in the streets- was the natural brother of Gaius Gracchus' father-in-law--- rallied those who didn't like Tiberius to beat and kill him- the first recorded act of serious political violence in roman history
Senatus Consultum Ultimum: made by L. Opimius who vowed to annul Gracchus' legistaltion-consuls given the power to do whatever they want to rotect the state- results in the death of thousands of Gracchian supporters
Consulship of Iulius and Caesar 59 BC: Embarks upon a pompulares legislative program, land act for pompey's veterans, ratified Pompey's eastern settlement- opposed by consular colleague Bibulus, Pompey's veterans and Caesar's mob resorted to violence, Bibulus confined to come spent time "watching the heavens" seeking to invalidate Caesar's acts through religious scruple- election of Clodius as tribune as tribune of hte plebs for 58 BC, Clodius is uncontrollable
Patrum Auctoritas: Senate must be consulted on all measures, reinstituted by Sulla
P. Sulpicius rufus: patrician became plebian then tribune in 88bc- new Italian citizens and freedmen to be enrolled in all 35 tribes-command of hte Mithridatic War transfered to Marius= Marius veterans supported Sulpicius
Lex Aurelia: tirbuen disability lifted, they could hold highrer offices after tribunate once agian
L. Sergius Catilina (Catiline): from an old but decayed patrician family, also killed people for sulla
Caesars Reforms: As dictator rei publicae Constituendae causa- bounties to soldiers, distributions to populare building and work programs, julian calendar, enlarged senate to 900 and tried to make it largely advisory, reduced the number recieving free grain from 320,000 to 150,000
M. Livius Drusus: pro-senatorial tribune who outbiddded Gracchus in support of urban poor- vetoed italian enfranchisement
Trial of Verres: Cicero bests Hortensius in legal contest
Conquest of Gaul: (main source is Caesar)- migration of hte Helvetii out of Switzerland provides Caesar with his war- Ariovistus (german chieftan brought in as mercenaries by the Sequani, he conquers the Sequani instead, other gauls asked Caesar to help them, Caesar beat him at Bibracte, Caesar stays their making a new province of Gallia comata- Vercingetorix rebels agianst Caesar and is beat at Alesia
L. Cornelius Cinna: consul, made so by sulla with Octavius- tried to reintroduce Italian enfranchisement in all 35 tribes, octavius therefore deove him from rome- cinna joined by Marius, Cinna marched on rome and siezed it- marius becomes consul for 7th time then dies- Cinna in effect dictator from 86-84bc- Ruled moderately and had support of much of hte Senate while Sulla fought Mithridates in the east
Vir militaris: one who gains his reputation and political support promarily through a military career
Cursus honorum: quaestorship admits to senate, could only be in office once every 10 years
Scipio Nasica: the pontifex maximus, leads a senatorial lynch mob against Tiberius-
lex agraria: made by Tiberius Gracchus- question of ager publicus- every family that qualified would recieve 500 iugera or 300 acres you could get 250 iugera per son you had- land was public land and had been so for years- reduced slave labor- resotre citizen farmer class and increase military recrutment- produce a new clientele for Tiberius and hsi faction (really important)
Lex Vatinia: gave Caesar Cisalpine Gaul (northern italy) and Illricum (yugoslavia) for five years this also extended his imperium keeping him from prosicution, this was how he circumvented Senate's restrictive allocation through tribunician legislation
lex Manilia: gave Pompey Lucullus's Mithridatic command
Sullas march on rome: the first civil war- sulla leads troops against Rom- rome siezed by a Roman Army= initiated a purge- Sulpicius Rufus killed Marius flees- Sulla overturns Sulpicius Rufus's laws- made Centuriate assembly supreme, patrum Auctoritas reinstated, incoming consuls must swear to support Sullan legislation
Lex lulia: gave citizenship to loyal allies- Etruscans and Umbrians
Vercingetorix: Rebeled against Caesar during his conquest of Gual, Caesar beat him at Alesia
Togat Roma vs. Hellenistic nude: glorification of hte individual- first equestrian statue, was of sulla and is now lost- caused contraversy
Caesars background: the Lulii, an old patricial family- Aurelia, from a family claiming descent from the sun, caesar's mommy- Marius grew jealous fo Caesar's precociousness and promise- Marius tried to handicap hsi career by giving Caesar the honor of being flamen dialis in 87 BC, a priest of Jupiter- Marius Arranged marriage to Cinna's daughter Cornelia- Sulla threatened him by Caesar refused to divorce Cornelia in 81 BC- Sulla deprived him of flaminate
Battle of Colline Gate: Carbo's forces and Samnite allies smashed by Sulla in his second march on rome
Catilines Conspiracy: he had followers from every walk and kind of people- Discontented senators were in debt after running for office and for other luxuries. others had wounded pride after losing elections- Sempronia- ruined sullan veterans assemble an army in Etruria under Manlius, they were discontented- Q. Curius, a comspirator boasts of detials to Fulvia who tells Cicero, but Cicero had now hard evidence, Cicero gives his First Catilinarian oration which forced Catiline to show his hand, flees the city by not arrested (he was later cornered and killed, and it was said of him "showing in his face the indomitable spirit that had dominated him when alive[ Sallus]), Cicero's Second Catilinarian Oration turned the bluff of the night before into a victory, concordia ordinum (harmony of the orders, senate, equestrians, people)- Cicero had the remaining conspirators exicuted without trial which went against Roman rights of due process and appeal this angered senators
Prosopography: tracing and revealing political alignments through relationships particularly family relationships- privilege patricians consulars oldfamilies
Proscriptions: list of those whose rights wre taken away, it was ok to kill them, and those who kill them will get half their land- thousands killed
Pompey's Dilemna: jelous Senate refuses to taricy his Acta (eastern settlement) or provide for his veterans- rivalry with crassus revives, crassus had amassed great fortune through real estate and private fire company, Pompey is actually much wealthier due to eastern spiols, sponsored Ceasar's realy career, Many junior senators demendent upon him
Aemilius lepidus: Revolts, got Etruscans to rise up and march agians Rome, and was defeated- Pompey sent to Spain against Sertorius, leader of hte surviving anti-sullans
Fulvius Flaccus: renews italian suffrage drive- proposed citizenship for latins- this proved to be too much and provoked a violent reaction
Julian Calendar: 365 days and leap year, however it was imperfect, later "corrected" by Pope Gregor
Sparticus: lead a slave army that revolted in tialy, was defeated by M. Licinius Crassus
senatus consultum: resolution of the senate, this would traditionatly be called for before any important change or decision
Suffect consul: the dude that takes over as consul in someone dies
Lex reddendorum equorum: "law of horses that need to be given back"- senators are taken out of equestrian centuries and put in the first one after that- established a new political group that werent senators, Equites- equestrian become distinct order with distinct interests
Jugurtha: illegitiate son of Masinissa (hte man who helped scipio in battle of zuma to end II punic war) who over powers the others, but in the process kills Italians in the African city of Cirta- Senate reacted only after severe pressure by the Equestrians
Optimates: the "best men" who believed in working through the Senate and in gaining power through the Senate and in gaining power through the traditional means of family alliances, patronage, etc
Phillippics: cicero's dirty political speeches against Antony
Populares: those following hte example of hte Gracchi in appealing to the people rather than working through the Senate- those who bypass the senate with popularity from the common people
lex plantia papira: grants citizenship to all, even those who were rebelling, but new citizens are limited to a handful of tribes so the can't assert their influence very well- brought an abrupt halt to the social war
Scipio Aemilianus: patron of hte Italian socii- demanded some changes= that the land commissions would not give away land right next to allies to avoid civil war
M. Octavius: Tribune- engaged by senatorial conservatives to veto Tiberius legislation- was arbitrary removed on charges of unconstitutional behavior
Centuriate Assembly supreme: made by Sulla, was made the only place where laws could be passed
M. Licinius Crassus: appointed as preator, defeated spartacus, became consul with Pompey- restored tribunician powers
sir Ronald Syme: very influenced by the rise of Mussolini's Fascists, wrote roman revolution and used prosopography
Cn. Pompeius Strabo: commander during hte Social war under whom three young goman aristocrats served together (Pompey, Cicero, Catilina)
Caesar's consulship bid: the senate alloted "forests and cow paths of Italy" as the next consuls provinces- Caesar gained support of Pompey and Crassus in "the first triumvirate" first political alliance- Caesar popular suppot- pompey (marries Lulia caesars daughter) veterans, money- Crassus: money junior senators controlled courts
lex Pedia: tribunal to punish the murders of Caesar
Land commission: Established by Tiberius Gracchus- plebiscitum- 3 man board for division of land- members= Tiberius Gracchus, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, Gaius Gracchus- senate refused to fund commission- usurpation of Pergamum bequest infrinded upon . . .
M. Fulvius Flaccus: proposes citizenship for italians- they would become hsi clients- proposition rejected
res novae: "new things or affairs," revolution- Gracchan partisans introduce violence and intimidation in the elections
56 BC Luca conference: triumvirate reaffirmed, future plas laid, Crassus and Pompey would become consuls again and help Caesar keep his imperium
Caesars Career: Early military service- coopted as pontif- shows populares learnings- elected quaestor and enters senate- funeral oration for aunt Lulia and wife Cornelia- reveals a definate populares approach- remarrried Pompeia whose family ha dstrong optimates
Lucllus Mithridatic command: invaded the new province of Bithynia
Plutarch: known for his recording of the lives of Marius and Sulla- both of whom are dependant on the lost memiors of Sulla- are therefore most likely bias
lex Gabinia: made in 67 BC, gave Pompey imperium maius (bigger imperium) against pirates
C. Marius: from wealthy equestrian family- with meellan patronage is elected tribune in 119bc- political marrrage to Lulia the aunt of lulius Caesar
Cn. Pompeius: later pompey the great, son of Strabo, demonstrated early military ability, gains violent reputation, sulla's adulescens carnifex (sulla's youthful butcher), took over the next Mithridatic war, became consul with M. Licinius Crassus which was pompey's first office, He needed a handbook from his friend Varro to preside in the senate, restored tricunician powers
Mithridates: king of Pontus, wanted an empire, invaded bithuna which made him own about half of Asian minor, invaded roman province of Asia, then invaded Greece, killed every roman and Italian they could find.
M. Livius Drusus: sonof the Garius Gracchus opponent becomes tirbune in 91 bc- land and grian legislation- juries split between senators and equinges- italian enfranchisement bill leads to his murder- frustrated Italians led by Drusus' frind and clients rebel= they massacre romans at Asculum- leads to the bloody Social War
Gaius Gracchus Tribunates: elected twice for 123 and 122 BC- failed in an attempt for a thir tribunate- more comprehensive legislative plan than that of Tiberius- sought the backing or urban as well as rural poor, also the equites- motivations . . .

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Number of cards 73