APUSH 451-500
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- Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
- Created the detective story, influenced surrealism and symbolism. Wrote many poems and macabre short stories: "The Raven", "The Bells", "The Tell-Tale Heart", "The Gold Bug".
- Washington Irving (1783-1859)
- Author, diplomat- first American to be recognized internationally as a writer. Wrote The Sketch Book, including "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)
- Internationally recognized poet. Emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on the present.
- What Whitman (1819-1892)
- Leaves of Grass, 1855- his first volume of poetry. Broke from traditional forms/content of New England poetry, described life of working Americans. Celebrated democracy and people. Very patriotic, abolitionist, and radical.
- Hudson School of Arrt
- 1825ish, a group of American painters led by Thomas Cole did landscapes with mystical overtones, a new area. Focused on NY's Hudson River.
- Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
- In 1831, Tocqueville visited America from France, observed democracy in government and society. Wrote a 2 part book (1835, 40) discussing democracy's advantages and disadvantages. Discussed American practicality over theory, industrial aristocracy, and conflict between masses and individuals.
- Millerites
- Millerites: follolwers of William Miller, sold possessions because they through the world would end in 1843/44. Ended up becoming 7th Day Adventists.
- Mormons; Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
- Founded Mormonism in NY, 1830. 1843 announced that God sanctioned polygamy, led to uprising against Mormons in 1844. Brigham Young led them to Utah, founded own social order.
- Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida
- Utopian socialist community, Massachusetts, 1841-47. Indiana utopian settlement, 1825-27, 1000 settlers. NY perfectionist group; polygamy, communal property/children.
- Shakers
- Believed in Jesus, and a mystic named Ann Lee. Celibate, so numbers only increased through recruitment- eventually ceased to exist.
- Lyceum Movement
- 1800s developed, response to higher education. Associations sponsored lectures, concerts, debates, etc. Led to increase in number of higher-ed institutions.
- Dorothea Dix
- Reform to treat mentally ill well, began in 1820s campaigned to improve jail, poorhouse, asylum conditions. First woman to speak to Massachusetts state legislature.
- Commonwealth v. Hunt
- 1842- Massachusetts Supreme Court. Conspiracy laws don't apply to unions, strikes for a closed hop are legal, unions are not responsible for illegal actions by their members.
- Rise of labor unions, National Trade Union
- 1800s, unions became more common as factories grew. Wanted a shorter workday, universal education, free land for settlers, and no monopolies. The NTU was a collection of unions formed by skilled craftsmen.
- Horace Mann, public education
- Secretary of Massachusetts' Board of Education, created first American public schools (modelled on Europe's) which became the nation's model.
- American Temperance Union
- 1800s temperance movement head. Opposed alcohol.
- Maine Law, Neal Dow
- 1838, Neal Dow founded the Maine Tmeperance Union. While mayor of Portland, Maine, he secured the 1851 Maine Law (forbade sale/manufacture of liquor).
- Irish, German immigration
- Irish: 1800s, tons from potato famine, poor peasants who labored later on canals/RRs. Germans: also poor, more skilled than Irish. Big impact on America's morals. Both groups drank heavily, supplied labor for early industrial era.
- Women in 1800s
- Not allowed in politics, couldn't own property. Rarely held jobs early on, became involved in reforms and factory work.
- Lucretia Mott (1803-1880)
- Early feminist, worked with her husband for abolition and woman's suffrage. Helped Stanton organize the Seneca Falls convention in 1848.
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Seneca Falls Convention
- Leader in women's rights movement, organized 1848 Seneca Falls convention. Seneca Falls: 1848, Stanton read the "Declaration of Sentiment" listing discriminations against women. Adopted 11 resolutions, one calling for women's suffrage.
- Catherine Beecher (1800-1878)
- Writer/lecture on behalf of education and household art. Established 2 women's schools, emphasized better teacher training. Opposed women's suffrage.
- Cult of True Womanhood
- Women against the women's mvmt believed in values of 'true womanhood': piety, domesticity, purity, and submissiveness. Feminists referred to those values as the "Cult of True Womanhood."
- Prison reform
- 1790 Pennsylvania, solitary confinement to induce meditation and moral reform. Brought suicide and insanity. The 1816 Auburn system allowed prisoners to congregate in the day.
- Marbury v. Madison
- 1803, Jefferson refused to appoint Adams' midnight judges. C.J. John Marshall established the principal of judicial review, but said that Marbury couldn't be appointed to a position no longer existing.
- Fletcher v. Peck
- 1810, Court ruled that a state can't arbitrarily interfere w/ a person's property rights. (State had tried to revoke a land grant that had been obtained by corruption).
- Martin v. Hunters Lessee
- 1816, Supreme Court allowed to review the decisions of state courts.
- Darmouth College v. Woodward
- 1819, Private corporation charters were contracts immune from impairment by states' legislative actions.
- McCulloch v. Maryland
- 1819- Congress had power to charter a bank as a gov agency, and states couldn't tax that agency.
- Gibbons v. Ogden
- 1824, only the federal gov had authority over interstate commerce.
- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
- 1831, Supreme Court said the tribes weren't foreign nations, and US had powers over tribes and responsibility for their welfare
- Worchester v. Georgia
- 1832- Tribes wer sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authorities w/in their own boundaries. Jackson and Georgia ignored this ruling.