AP Bio Midterm - Chapter 13
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome
- Locus
- Single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring - no genetic diversity except with mutation
- Asexual reproduction
- Group of genetically identical individuals
- Clone
- Any cell other than a sperm or an ovum - sizes of chromosomes and the positions of their centromeres differ
- Somatic cell
- Chromosomes that are arranged in pairs, starting with the longest chromosomes
- Karyotype
- Chromosomes that make up a pair - same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
- Homologus Chromosomes
- Cell with a single chromosome set - 23 chromosomes
- Haploid cell
- Fertilized egg - 2 haploid sets of chromosomes
- Zygote
- Zygote and all other cells having two sets of chromosomes - 46 chromosomes
- Diploid cells
- Sexually reproducing organisms that havles the chromosome number in the gametes, compensating for hte doubling that occurs at fertilization
- Meiosis
- Result in 4 daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
- Meiosis I and II
- Each of the chromosomes replicates - diploid cells centrosomes also replicate
- Interphase
- Chromosomes condense, homologus pair us, synapse (synaptonemal complex-protein) attatch to homologus, SC disappears and 4 clustered chromatids (tetrad) appear, centrosomes move away from each other, nuclear envelope and nucleoli disperse, microtubules ca
- Prophase I
- Sister chromatids move as a single unit along the pole - cell elongates
- Anaphase I
- Each pole has a haploid set; cytokenesis - cleavage furrows and cell plates;
- Telophase I and Cytokenesis
- A crossing of nonsister chromatids, two chromatids belonging to separate but homologus chromosomes in meiosis - made in Prophase I
- Chiasmata
- In Metaphase I - random, two alternative possibilites for each pair, each gamete represents one outcome of all possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
- Independent Assortment
- Produces recombinant chromosomes, combine genes inherited from our two parents, early in Prophase I and in Metaphase II
- Crossing Over
- A human ovum and a human sperm contain 8 million possible chromosome combinations - zygote with about 64 trillion diploid combinations
- Random Fertilization