Texes CHAPTER 1 002
Terms
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- Interlanguage
- decribes a transitional construction students develop in the process of mastering a second language
- Denotation
- refers to the literal meaning of words and ideas
- Critical Period Hypothesis
- the lateralization of the brain occurs and language functions are assigned to specific parts of the brain from ages 2 to puberty
- Pidginization
- occurs when speakers of two different languages come in contact and, because they do not understandeach other, develop a simple combined form of both languages
- Connotation
- refer to the implied meaning of words and ideas
- Doble negatives
- this features is associated with people of low socioeconomic status
- Graphemes
- letters
- Impulsiveness vs. Reflection
- impulsive student attempts to address an issue or answer a question without having a clear view of what the issue or question entails. The reflectivive student, on the other hand, analyzes the issue or question before making an attempt to address or answer it.
- Integrative motivation
- they want to learn the language because it will enable them to socialize and interact effectively with native speakers
- Theories of L1 acquisition
- the behaviorist, the innatist, and the interactionist
- Code switching
- decribes the process of alternating the use of two languages within a sentence (intrasentential) or across sentences (intersentential)..it is a natural process in bilingual communities
- The Innatist L1
- takes the opposing view that children are born with innate capabilities for language learning
- fossilized
- occurs when the nonstandard structures of the inter language persist
- Phonology
- is the study of the sound system of the language
- MOrphology
- is the study of the structure of words or word formation
- Syntax
- describes the organization of words in a sentence
- Phoneme
- The basic unit of sound
- The Innatist L2
- they follow similar strategies and make the same kinds of errors as native speakers in teh process of language mastersy
- Intermediate
- Corrective feedback should be given indirectly by modeling, using foreign talk (exaggeration).
- Pragmatics
- is the role of context in the interpretation of communication, it describes the hidden rules of communication shared by native speakers of the language
- Superior (Advanced fluency)
- Teachers should continue expanding academic vocabulary development and polishing pronunciation.
- Interactionist L2
- emphasize the way the native speakers deliver comprehensible input and the way they negotiate meaningwith ELLs
- Cognates
- are words pronounced and spelled similarly in two languages
- Derivational morphemes
- refer to the type of morpheme that can (but may not) change the syntactic classification
- Morphemes
- words are made up of units of meaning
- Novice
- To contextualize instruction, teachers should provide opportunities for active listening and use visual and concret objects
- Interactionist L1
- remphasize the importance of both nature and nurture as vital components for language mastery
- Tolerance of ambiguity
- is theability to avoid frustration in instructional situations characterized by lack of organization and guidance.
- Positive self-esteem
- is defined as the value that people assign to themselves
- Acquisition vs. Learning (L2 Innatist)
- Acquisition and learning represent two different processes. Acquisition takesplace through meaninggul and antural language interaction with speakers of the language with no conscious effort to comply with grammar conventions
- lexicon
- is the vocabulary of a language, e.g. hot (temp, fashion or luck)
- Semantics
- is the meaning system of a language and is based on the culture and context of the conversation
- False Cognate
- is a word that resembes a word in a second language but has a different meaning..e.g. embarrass resembles embarazar
- Discourse
- is the ability of speakers to combine sounds into words, wordsi n to sentences and larger unites in a cohesive manner to achieve oral or written communociation
- Dialect
- is defined as a mutually intelligible variation of a standard languageor official variety
- Extroversion
- describes people who are outspoken andhave well-developed social skills
- Language
- is a system composed of several subsystems: phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, discourse, and pragmatics
- digraphs
- two or more letters representing one sound
- Copula deletion
- The omission occurs in standard and american English phrases that use contraction (phonological issue)
- Lingua Franca
- refers to a common language used for communication in multilingual communities
- The Behaviorist L2
- see L2 learning as a process of habit formation through the use of stimulus, response, and reinforcement
- Instumental motivation
- they want to acquire the language to accomplish a specific task--for example, to travel to a country or to pass a language test.
- THe MOnitor Hypothesis (L2 Innatist)
- children must have explicit knowledge of the rules andtime to apply them
- Natural order hypothesis (L2 Innatist)
- ESL students acquire English structures in a predictable sequence with small variations dependind on the influence of L2
- the Behaviorist L1
- believe that children are born with a clean slate--tabula rasa--and language is added through imitation of parent and caregivers
- Comprehensible Input (L2 Innatist)
- Children must understantthe content of the communication in the target language to acquire the language
- Advanced
- Teachers should guide students in developing oral an dwritten nattatives, analyzing their work,and self-correcting
- COMPETENCY 002
- The beginning bilingual education teacher understands processes of first- and second-language acquisition and development and applies this knowledge to promote students' language proficiency in their first language(L1) and second language (L2)
- Affective filter Hypothesis (L2 Innatist)
- Student perform better when they feel motivated and relaxed
- Infectional morphemes
- they do not changethe syntactic classification and typically follow derivational morphemes: present participle (-ing), thrid-person singular (-s) possessive (-'s), plural (-s, -es), regular past tense (-ed), past participle (-en), the comparative (-er), andt the superlative (-est)
- Threshold Hypothesis
- ages 4 or 5...language learners should arrive at given academic and literacy level in L1 before attempting to transfer elements of it to a second language
- creolization
- refers to the process in which a pidgin becomes the native language for a given group