US History: Reconstruction and Jim Crow
Terms
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- Reconstruction
- 1865-1877; Period of rebuilding in the US after the Civil War, when the Southern Confederate states were readmitted to the US
- Reconstruction Plan-Lincoln
- Dec. 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction (aka 10% plan)- Confederates pardoned if took oath (except high-rank officials & ppl accused of crimes against POWs), once 10% of 1860 voters did, state could form goverment & send reps and senators to congress
- Reconstruction Plan-Andrew Johnson
- May 1865; Same as Lincoln's plus wealthy southern land-owners were excluded from taking oath; Johnson pardoned 13000 Confederates so south managed by white men
- Reconstruction Plan-Radical Republicans
-
-Destry political power of slaveholders
-African-americans given full citizenship & right to vote
(Ended up going w/ this plan) - Freedmen
- Freed African-american slaves
- Freedmen's Bureau
- 1865; Established by Congress to provide food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection, & education to former slaves & poor whites in the South
- Sharecropping
- A landowner divides his land & assigns each family few acres, seeds, & tools to work with; Croppers kept some crops & most went to landowner
- Plessy vs. Ferguson
- 1896; Supreme Court case that made racial segregation legal under "seperate but equal" terms
- Jim Crow Ettiquette
- Blacks were expected to follow certain "rules" like addressing whites as higher authorities, stepping off the sidewalk when speaking to whites, and not eat in restaurants/ attend events the same day as whites
- Homer Plessy
- 1892; Sat in a "White Only" train car & refused to move; Was arrested for breaking Louisiana's segregation law; Challenged that he had been denied equal protection under the law (14th)
- Black's Challenges for Voting
- Literacy test, poll tax, no car/long walk, threats from whites
- Grandfather Clause
- Any person who's father/grandfather was eligible to vote before Jan 1, 1867 is eligible w/o passing requirements (Not valid for any blacks bcuz couldn't vote before then)
- 13th Amendment
- 1865; Abolished slavery
- 14th Amendment
- 1868 aka Civil Rights' Amendment; All ppl born/naturalized in US (including slaves) are citizens of US equally protected under law
- 15th Amendment
- 1870; Cannot deny voting rights bcuz of race, color, or if they were a slave
- Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
-
Against Whites, Anglo-Saxan, Protestants
Goals: Destroy Republican Party, throw out Reconstruction governments, prevent Blacks from voting
Methods: White cloaks like ghosts, burning crosses, lynching, violence - Jim Crow Era
- 1950s & 60s; Time when there were racists laws & actions that deprived African-American's of their civil rights by declaring them inferior
- Election of 1876
- Tilden (Democrat) won popular vote, but 1 short of electoral vs. Hayes (Republican); Agreed to accept Hayes if withdrew federal troops from South
- Disenfranchisement
- To take away priveleges or right of citizenship, such as voting
- Mamie
- Ugly, heavy-set, pitch black woman, who is happily obedient to her master, loyal, protective
- Sambo
- Simple, laughing, carefree black man who doesn't like to do work, irresponsible, dancing, eating, singing
- Uncle
- Old balding black man, passive, accepts inferiority
- Pickaninny
- Black children portrayed as being victimized, animal like/savage
- Zip Coon
- Buffoon, free blacks in north who imitate whites & make fools of themselves
- Coon
- Large lips, gamblers, dancing, large eyes, urban areas, like sambo, then violent the next minute
- T.D. Rice
- White comedian who created the Jim Crow image by imitating a dancing cripple man while in black face