Renal - pathology
Terms
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- ureter crosses anterior to the origin of what artery to enter the pelvis?
- external iliac
- ovoid, PAS-positive hyaline masses
- Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule - most specific lesion of diabetic glomerulosclerosis
- nephrotic syndrome in IV drug user or HIV nephropathy
- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- renal pathology associated with DIC?
- diffuse cortical necrosis
- Potter's syndrome?
- bilateral renal agenesis - oligohydraminos, limb & facial deformities,pulmonary hypoplasia
- cause of Potter's syndrome?
- malformation of ureteric bud
- why do kidneys stay low in abdomen in horseshoe kidney?
- get trapped under IMA
- RBC casts in urine
- glomerular inflammation (nephritic syndromes), ischemia, or malignant hypertension
- WBC casts in urine
- tubulointerstitial disease, acute pyelonephritis, glomerular disorders
- granular casts in urine
- acute tubular necrosis
- waxy casts in urine
- advanced renal disease/CRF
- hyaline casts in urine
- nonspecific
- LM: glomeruli enlarged and hypercellular, neutrophils, lumpy-bumpy; EM: subepithelial humps; IF: granular pattern
- acute postreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- LM and IF: crescent moon shape
- rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
- finding on immunofluorescence in Goodpasture's?
- linear pattern
- IF and EM findings in Berger's disease?
- mesangial IgA deposits
- split basement membrane
- Alport's syndrome
- mutation in Alport's? characteristic findings?
- collagen IV; nerve deafness and ocular disorders
- hematuria, hypertension, oliguria, azotemia
- nephritic syndrome
- findings in nephrotic syndrome
- massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, peripheral and periorbital edema, hyperlipidemia
- LM: diffuse capillary and BM thickening; IF: granular pattern; EM: spike and dome
- membranous glomerulonephritis
- findings in minimal change disease/lipoid nephrosis?
- LM: normal glomeruli; EM: foot process effacement
- LM: segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis
- focal segmental glomerular sclerosis - most severe disease in HIV patients
- findings in diabetic nephropathy
- LM: Kimmelstiel-Wilson 'wire loop' lesions, basement membrane thickening
- findings in membranous glomeruloneprhitis in SLE
- wire-loop lesion with subendothelial deposits
- most common type of kidney stones?
- calciium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or both
- second most common type of kidney stone; can form staghorn calculi that can be nidus for UTIs
- ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)
- infection with what type of organism leads to struvite kidney stones?
- urease-positive bugs - proteus vlugaris, staph, klebsiella
- kidney stones often seen as a result of diseases with increased cell turnover, such as leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders
- uric acid
- types of radiolucent kidney stones?
- uric acid and cystine
- gene association with renal cell carcinoma?
- deletion of VHL gene on chromosome 3
- where does renal cell carcinoma originate?
- renal tubule cells (polygonal clear cells)
- renal cell carcinoma is associated with what syndromes?
- paraneoplastic (ectopic EPO, ACTH, PTHrP, and prolactin)
- gene association with Wilm's tumor?
- deletion of tumor suppressor WT1 on chromosome 11
- WAGR complex?
- Wilm's tumor, Aniridia, genitourinary malformation, and mental-motor retardation
- most common tumor of the urinary tract system?
- transitional cell carcinoma
- transitional cell carcinoma is associated with what?
-
problems in your Pee SAC:
phenacetin, smoking, analine dyes, and cyclophosphamide - white cell casts in urine are pathognomonic for what?
- acute pyelonephritis
- chronic pyelonephritis?
- coarse, asymmetric corticomedullary scarring; tubules can contain eosinophilic casts (thyroidization of the kidney)
- most common cause of acute renal failure?
- acute tubular necrosis
- what is acute tubular necrosis associated with?
- renal ischemia (e.g. shock), crush injury (myoglobinuria), toxins
- when does death most often occur in ATN?
- during initial oliguric stage
- what is renal papillary necrosis associated with?
- diabetes, acute pyelonephritis, chronic phenacitin use
- what is uremia?
- clinical syndrome marked by increased BUN and creatinine and associated symptoms
- metabolic disturbance seen in renal failure?
- metabolic acidosis due to decreased acid secretion and decreased HCO3- generation
- low serum chloride concentration is secodary to what?
- metabolic alkalosis
- high serum chloride concentration is secondary to what?
- non-anion gap acidosis
- most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
- membranous glomerulonephritis
- how does renal cell carcinoma typically present?
- as a mass or hematuria
- loop diuretic indicated for the treatment of edema associated with CHF, cirrhosis, and renal disease?
- furosemide
- two principal causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
- anti-glomerular basement membrane and primary systemic vasculitis
- drugs implicated in the pathogenesis of acute interstitial nephritis?
- NSAIDs, beta-lactam antibiotics (cepalothin & methicillin), sulfonamides, diuretics (furosemide and thiazides), phenytoin, cimetidine, methyldopa
- EM: subendothelial humps, tram-track
- membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis