Marieb Ch 2: Chemistry comes alive
Terms
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- Everything that occupies space and has mass?
- matter
- States of matter?
- solid liquid gas
- Termed the capacity to do work?
- Energy
- Types of energy?
- Kinetic and potential
- Termed for energy in action?
- Kinetic
- Termed for stored energy?
- Potential
- Example of kinetic energy?
- door swinging
- Example of potential energy?
- batteries
- The form stored energy in the bonds of chemical substances? ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- Chemical energy
- How does ATP release its energy?
- The bonds are broken and the stored energy is released as needed to do cellular work.
- Reflects movement of charged particles (electrons and ions)?
- Electrical energy
- Energy that moves matter?
- Mechanical energy
- Energy that travels in waves?
- Radiant energy
- Fundemental substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means?
- Elements
- Type of properties detcted by sight or measurement?
- Physical properties
- Type of properties of bonding behaviors of atoms?
- Chemical properties
- Elements are composed of?
- atoms
- Each has a nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and surrounded by electrons?
- Atom
- The difference in the element is due to the number of?
- protons, neutrons, electrons
- Symbol for proton?
- p+
- Symbol for neutron?
- n0
- Symbol for electron?
- e-
- A positively charged particle?
- proton
- A negatively charged particle?
- electron
- Neither a negative nor a positive charged particle?
- neutron
- How many elements are known with certainty?
- 112
- Of the 112 elements, how many occur in nature?
- 92
- What elements make up 96% of the body weight?
-
CHON
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen - Each element is designated by a one or two letter chemical shorthand called?
- anatomic symbol
- The nucleus carries what charge naturally?
- Positive
- Sincel all of the heavy subatomic particles are concentrated in the nucleus, this makes the nucleus what?
- Dense
- Accounts for 99.9% of the mass of an atom?
- Nucleus
- An electron has what amount of mass compared to a proton?
- 1/2000
- The mass of a proton and an electron is stated as____ and _____ AMU?
-
protons + neutrons=1AMU
electrons=0AMU - In the atom, the number of protons always equals the number of?
- electron
- All protons, neutrons, electrons are alike regardless of the ?
- atom
- What determines the unique properties of each element?
- the different number of protons, electrons and neutrons
- Equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as subscript to the left of its atomic symbol?
-
Atomic number
EX: 2He - The sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons?
- Mass number
- Different atomic forms of the same element, varying only in the number of neutrons?
- Isotopes
- Unstable heavier isotopes in atomic decay, isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior?
- radioisotopes
- Two or more ATOMS bound together by chemical bond?
- molecule
- If two atoms of the SAME element combine it is called?
- molecule of that element
- If two different elements combine chemically, it is called?
- compound
- A way to express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution?
- molarity
- A substance composed of two or more components physically intermixed?
- mixture
- Three types of mixtures?
- solution, colloids, suspension
- Homogeneous mixture, may be gases, liquids, or solids?
- Solution
- The substance present in the greatest amount is known as the?
- solvent
- The substance present in smaller amount is known as the?
- solute
- Also known as the dissolver?
- solvent
- Also known as what is being dissolved?
- solute
- Avagaro's number?
- 6.02X10 to the 23 power
- 1 mole of any substance contains exactly the same number of ?
- solute particles
-
Heterogeneous mixture known as an emulsion?
ex: cytosol in cell membrane - colloids
- Heterogeneous mixture that settles withouth constant mixing? ex: oil & water, blood
- Suspension
- Mixture differ from compounds because?
- No chemical bonding in mixtures, mixtures can be separated by physcial means
- All compounds are what type of mixture: homogeneous or heterogeneous?
- Homogeneous
- An energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms?
- Chemical bonds
- Electrons forming the electron cloud around the nucleus of an atom occupy regions of space called?
- electron shells
- Each electron shell holds a specific number of?
- electrons
- An atom is stable when its valence is filled to capacity or contains_____ electrons?
- 8
- Outermost energy level is called?
- valence
- Define the rules of 8's key to chemical reactivity?
- Minus the first energy shell, each shell from 2 to 7... must contain 8 electrons to be stable.
- The octet rule is also known as?
- Rule of eights
- Chemically inert atoms have?
- eight electrons in the valence shell
- A group of elements that are chemically inert are called?
-
noble gases
helium and neon - Electrons farthest from the nucleus have the greatest mount of______?
- potential energy
- When an atom loses or gains an electron it is a charged particle known as?
- ions
- A chemical bond between atoms form by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other is termed?
- Ionic bond
- The atom that gains one or more electrons is known as?
- The electron acceptor
- The electron acceptor acquires a negative charge, thus it is called a?
- anion (an-ion)
- Negatively charged ion is called?
- anion
- The atom that loses electrons is called?
- The electron donor
- The electron donor acquires a positive charge thus is called?
- cation (cat-ion)
- A positively charged ion is known as? Thin t for +
- cation
- Example of a anion?
- Cl-
- Example of a cation?
- Na+
- The sharing of electrons that orbits each atoms valence in order to be stable?
- Covalant bond
- Type of bond when the electrons are equally shared?
- Nonpolar covalent
- When two atoms share one pair of electrons? Total of 2
- single covalent bond
- When two atoms share two pairs of electrons? total of 4
- double covalent bonds
- When atoms share three pairs of electrons? total of 6
- triple covalent bond
- The number of covalent bonds is indicated by what?
- the line between the sharing atoms
- Electrically balanced molcules have what type of bond?
- nonpolar covalent bond
- Unequal electron pair sharing is?
- polar covalent bonds
- The concentration of _______ determines the acidity of a solution?
- protons
- All organic compounds have what type of bond?
- covelent bond
-
Properties of water?
H3CRUP -
High heat capacity
high heat vaporization
polar solvent properties
universal solvent
hydration layers
reactivity(hydrolysis-dehydration synthesis)
Cushioning - The property of water that absorbs and releases large amount of heat before changing appreciably in temperature itself?
- High heat capacity
- This property of water, large amounts of heat are absorbed to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together?
- High heat of vaporization
- When ions seperate from each other and become evenly scattered in water forming true solutions?
- dissociate
- An important reactant in many chemical ractions?
- Water