Public Speaking Midterm 2
Terms
undefined, object
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- Deficiency Needs
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Basic human needs
1. Biological Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belongingness and Love Needs
4. Self- and Social-Esteem Needs - Growth needs
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Higher-order human needs
1. Self-actualization
2. Knowledge and Understanding
3. Aesthetic Needs - Transaction
- Involves a simultaneous exchange of message between two or more people
- System
- A collection of interdependent parts, parts arranged so that a change in one produces corresponding changes in the remaining parts
- Interdependence
- Exists when things have a reciprocal influence on one another
- Feedback
- Audience members responses, both verbal and nonverbal, to a speaker
- Message
- Meaning produced by communicators
- Content
- Essential meaning of what a speaker wants to convey
- Relational Component
- Collective impact of the verbal and nonverbal components of a message as it is conveyed
- Symbol
- Something that stands for or suggest something else by reason of relationship
- Encoding
- Process by which ideas are translated into a code that can be understood by receiver
- Decoding
- Process by which code is translated back into ideas
- Channel
- Physical medium through which communication occurs
- Perception
- Process by which we give meaning to our experiences
- Audience
- Individuals who share in listening to a speech
- Brainstorming
- Creative process used to generate a large number of ideas
- Credibility
- Degree to which an audience trusts and believes in a speaker
- General Purpose
- Principle function of a speech, inform persuade, entertain
- Specific Purpose
- The goal or objective the speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience
- Thesis Statement
- A single declarative sentence that focuses the audience’s attention on the central point of the speech
- Invention
- Creative process by which the substance of the speech is generated
- Preview
- A forecast of the main points of speech
- Main Points
- Key ideas that support the thesis statement of a speech
- Signposts
- Transitional statements that bridge main points
- Manuscript Delivery
- Mode of presentation that involves writing out a speech completely and reading it
- Memorized Delivery
- Mode in which speech is written and memorized before being presented
- Impromptu Delivery
- A spontaneous, unrehearsed mode of presenting a speech
- Extemporaneous Delivery
- A mode of presenting that combines careful preparation and spontaneous speaking
- Speech Anxiety
- Unpleasant thoughts or feelings aroused by the anticipation of a real or imagined speech in public
- Communication Apprehension
- Fear about communicating interpersonally and in groups, not just in public
- Physiological Arousal
- Physical change that occur when a personal is aroused, increased pulse or more energy
- Coping Skills
- Mental and physical techniques used to control arousal and anxiety
- Self-Talk
- Communicating silently to oneself (intrapersonal)
- Negative Self-Talk
- A self-defeating pattern of intrapersonal personal communication, self-criticizing, pressuring
- Constructive Self-Talk
- Positive coping statements instead of neg. self-talk
- Visual Imagery
- Process of mentally seeing oneself confidently and successfully performing an action or series of actions
- Listening
- Process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural as well as visual and tactile stimuli
- Active Listening
- Listening that involves conscience and responsive participation in communication transaction
- Active Mindfulness
- Degree to which speakers and audiences are consciously aware of the transactions between them
- Selective Attention
- Making a conscious choice to focus on some people and some messages, rather than others
- Sensorial Involvement
- A process that involves listening with all the senses, not simply the sense of hearing
- Comprehension
- That act of understanding
- Retention
- The act of storing what was communicated in either short term or long-term memory
- Culture
- A learned system of beliefs customs and values
- Context
- Information that surrounds an event and contributes to the meaning of the event
- Denotation
- Generally agreed upon meaning of a word, usually found in the dictionary
- Connotation
- The secondary meaning of a word with a strong emotional personal and subjective component
- Pinpoint Concentration
- Listening that focuses on specific details rather than patterns in a message
- Wide-band Concentration
- Listening that focuses on patterns rather than details
- Appreciative Listening
- Listening that involves obtaining sensory stimulation or enjoyment from others
- Critical Listening
- Listening for the purpose of making reasoned judgments about speakers and credibility of their message
- Cross Cue-Checking
- Gauging what a person says verbally against the nonverbal behaviors that make up metacommunication
- Short-Term Goals
- Those ends that we can reasonably expect to achieve in the near term
- Long-Term Goals
- Those ends that we can hope to achieve only over an extended period of time
- Audience Diversity
- Cultural, demographic, and individual characteristics that vary among audience members
- Demographics
- Basic and vital data regarding any population
- Cultural Diversity
- Differences among people in terms of beliefs customs and values- in a sense of their worldview
- Demographic Diversity
- Variations among people in terms of such attributes as socioeconomic background and level of education
- Socioeconomic Status
- Social grouping and economic class to which people belong
- Individual Diversity
- How individuals in an audience differ in terms of knowledge beliefs attitudes value
- Belief
- An assertion about the properties or characteristics of an object
- Primitive Beliefs
- Learned by different contact with the object if belief and reinforced be unanimous social consensus
- Central Beliefs
- Based directly or indirectly on authority
- Peripheral Beliefs
- Least central type of beliefs and easiest to change
- Attitude
- A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object
- Values
- Our most enduring beliefs about right and wrong
- Rhetorical Situation
- A natural context of persons events objects relations and an exigence (goal) which strongly invites utterance
- Constraint
- Limitation on choices in a speech situation
- Ethics
- System of principles of right and wrong that govern human conduct
- Ethical Relativism
- No universal ethical principles
- Cultural Relativism
- Ethical criteria in one culture should not apply to others
- Universalism
- There are ethical standards that apply to all situations regardless of the group or cultural
- Categorical Imperative
- Kant’s ethical principle that we should act only in way that we would will to an universal law.
- Utilitarianism
- Greatest among of happiness for greatest number of people
- Situational Ethics
- Overriding ethical maxims, but you should set them aside in situations to fulfill a higher law or principle
- Good Reasons
- Statements based on moral principles
- Goodwill
- Perception by the audience that speaker cares about their needs and concerns
- Fact
- Something that is verifiable as true
- Secondary Sources
- Information sources that rely on other primary sources rather than gathering info firsthand
- Primary Source
- Original source of info
- Statistics
- Numerical summaries of data
- Expert Opinion
- Quotation from someone with special credentials on subject matter
- Narrative
- Extended story that is fully developed
- Narrative Probability
- Internal coherence of believability of a narrative
- Narrative Fidelity
- Degree to which a narrative tings true to real life experiences
- Research
- Process of gathering info
- Boolean Operators
- Terms such as: and, or, & not used to narrow or broaden a computerized search or two
- Index
- Listing of sources of info
- Abstract
- Summary of an article or a report
- Subpoint
- An idea that supports a main point
- Supporting Points
- Idea that supports a subpoint
- Time Pattern
- Patter of organization based on chronology or a sequence of events
- Extended Narrative
- Pattern of organization in which the entire body of the speech is the telling pf a story
- Spatial Pattern
- Pattern of organization based physical space or geography
- Categorical Pattern
- Pattern of organization based on natural divisions in the subject matter
- Problem Solution Pattern
- Analyzes a problem in terms of harm, significance, cause, and proposes a solution that is described, feasible, and advantageous
- Stock Issues Pattern
- 4-point pattern of organization that is based on 1. ill, 2. blame, 3. cure, and 4. cost
- Refutational Pattern
- Pattern of organization that involves stating the argument refuted, stating the objection to the argument, proving the objection to the argument, presenting the impact of the refutation
- Casual Pattern
- Moves from cause to effect of effect to cause
- Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
- A 5-step organizational scheme, developed by Alan Monroe, including: 1. attention, 2. need, 3. satisfaction, 4. visualization, 5. action
- Call And Response Pattern
- Call by the speaker followed by response from the audience
- Spiral Pattern
- Employs repetition of points, with points growing in intensity as the speech builds to its conclusion
- Star Pattern
- All the points are of equal importance are presented in order of common theme
- Wave Pattern
- Main theme is represented by a phrase is repeated again and again
- Rhetorical Question
- Question that the audience isn’t expected to answer out loud
- Formal Outline
- Detailed outline used in speech preparation, but not, in most cases, in the actual presentation
- Speaker’s Notes
- Brief notes with key words, usually written on cards, used by a speaker when presenting a speech
- Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
- The idea that what people perceive is influenced by language in which they think and speak
- Receiver-Centric
- Person’s assumption that the meaning he or she gives to a word or phrase is its exclusive meaning
- Inclusive Language
- Language that helps people believe that they not only have a stake in matters of societal importance but also have power in this regard
- Marginalizing Language
- Language that diminishes people’s importance and makes them appear to be less powerful
- Totalizing Language
- Language that defines people exclusively on the basis of a single attribute, such as race
- Competence-Enhancing Language
- Words that emphasize rather than undermine audience perceptions of a speaker’s competence
- Verbal Qualifiers
- Words and phrases that erode the impact of what a speaker says in a speech
- Language Intensity
- Degree to which words and phrases deviate from neutral
- Sexist Language
- Languages such as housewife and fireman, that stereotype gender roles
- Nonverbal Behavior
- Wordless system of communication
- Environment
- Physical surroundings as you speak and distance from audience
- Zone Of Interaction
- Area of audience in which speaker and audience members can make eye contact
- Emblem
- Nonverbal symbol that can be substituted for a word
- Illustrators
- Nonverbal symbols used to visualize what is being spoken
- Regulators
- Nonverbal behaviors that influence the speech transaction
- Self-Adapting Behaviors
- Nonverbal behaviors used to cope with nervousness
- Proactive Delivery
- Planned and rehearsed presentation
- Presentational Media
- Channels of communication that extend the five basic senses: touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell
- Visual Media
- The use of the sense of sight to communicate a message
- Pie Chart
- Graph often used to show proportions of a known quantity
- Line Graph
- Graphic used to shows points in time
- Bar Chart
- Graphic used for comparing data side by side
- Organizational Chart
- Graphic that illustrates hierarchal relationships
- Flow Chart
- Graphic designed to illustrate spatial relationships or sequence of events process
- Flip Chart
- Large tablet used to preview the outline of a presentation or to record info generated by an audience
- Overhead Transparency
- Graphic that can be projected
- Audio Media
- Aural channels you can use to augment your speech, record a famous speaker
- Ganas
- Spanish term that loosely translates as the desire to succeed
- Informative Speaking
- Process by which audience gains new info or perspective on old info
- Learning Styles
- Difference in the way people think and learn about new info
- Audience Involving
- Informative topic and speech that succeeds in gaining the audiences attention
- Audience Appropriate
- Informative topic and speech that takes into account the occasion and audience members’ belief systems
- Audience Accessible
- Content the audience is able to understand, regardless of complexity