MCAT Biology Lecture 1
Terms
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- hydrophilic
- water loving
- dehydration
- formation of macromolecules via dehydration synthesis.
- the 6 major types of lipids
- fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, terpenes.
- phospholipids
- glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group. Amphipathic and used to build membranes.
- triglycerides
- glycerol backbone connected to 3 fatty acids. Stores energy, provides thermal insulation and padding.
- steroids
- Type of lipid. Four ringed. Regulates metabolic activities.
- Number of essential amino acids
- 10
- tertiary structure
- bending of peptide chain due to disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, vanderwalls forces, and hydrophobic interactions.
- quaternary structure
- two or more globular proteins binding together.
- starch
- glucose polymer w/alpha linkages, found in plants
- direction nucleotide sequences are written by convention
- 5' -> 3'
- enzyme cofactors
- enzymes need them to function, either minerals or coenzymes (incl vitamins)
- hydrophobic
- water fearing
- hydrolysis
- seperation of macromolecules (lysis, seperate)
- lipid
- biological molecule with low solubility in water.
- amphipathic
- containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions.
- fatty acids
- chain of carbons with carboxylic acid end.
- glycerol
- 3 carbon backbone, in triglycerides.
- Number of amino acids.
- 20
- 4 types of amino acid groups
- nonpolar, polar, acidic, basic.
- glycogen
- branced polymer of glucose with alpha linkages
- cellulose
- glucose polymer w/beta linkages, found in plants. not digestable by animals.
- composition of nucleotides
- five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
- substrate
- reactant(s) that enzyme works on
- saturation kinetics
- dynamics of enzyme reaction speed... rate limited by enzyme concentation.
- irreversible inhibitors
- covalently bonds to enzyme, permenantly disables it
- competitive inhibitors
- take up active site but not permenantly. can be overcome by high conc of substrate
- Noncompetitive inhibitors
- bond to enzyme at nonactive site, change its shape to make it less effective. Cyanide is example.
- zymogen or proenzyme
- inactive enzyme form
- allosteric interactions
- modification of enzyme config resulting from binding of activator or inhibitor.
- -ase suffix
- denotes enzymes
- glycolysis
- breaks 6-carbon glucose into 2 3-carbon pyruvates, 2 molecules ATP and 2 NADH. occus in cytosol.
- substrate level phosphorylation
- formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate, using energy of a favorable reaction.
- fermentation
- anaerobic respiration. starts with glycolysis, pyruvate reduced to ethanol or lactic acid, and NADH goes back to NAD+ to start glycolysis.
- aerobic respiration
- produces 36 ATP incl glycolysis. 1 NADH = 3ATP, 1FADH2 = 2ATP.
- krebs cycle
- pyruvate->acetyl CoA turns cycle 2x. Cycle produces 1ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2.
- Electron Transport Chain
- Steps down NADH and FADH2, creates proton gradient that produces ATP. Oxygen is final electron acceptor.
- oxidative phosphorylation
- production of ATP via proton gradient and ATP synthase.