LOM Chapter 5: VOCABULARY
Terms
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- Amino Acids
- Small substances that are the building blocks of proteins and are produced when proteins are digested.
- Bowel
- Intestine.
- Dentin
- Major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
- Fatty Acids
- Substances produced when fats are digested.
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.
- Pharynx
- Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose.
- Amylase
- Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.
- Digestion
- Breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods.
- Feces
- Solid wastes; stools.
- Ileum
- Third part of the small intestine.
- Anus
- Opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.
- Cecum
- First part of the large intestine.
- Duodenum
- First part of the small intestine. It measures 12 inches in length.
- Gallbladder
- Small sac under the liver; stores bile.
- Incisor
- One of four front teeth in the dental arch.
- Pancreas
- Organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods).
- Portal Vein
- Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
- Salivary Glands
- Parotid, Sublingual, and Submandibular glands.
- Triglycerides
- Large fat molecules composed of three molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of glycerol.
- Appendix
-
Blind pouch hanging from the first part of the colon (cecum).
** It is usually found in the RLQ ** - Colon
- Large intestine; cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, and rectum.
- Emulsification
- Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thus increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
- Glucose
- Simple sugar.
- Insulin
- Horomone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar into cells from the blood and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
- Lower Esophageal Sphincter
-
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach.
** Also called the Cardiac Sphincter ** - Proteases
- Enzymes that digest protein.
- Rectum
- Last section of the colon.
- Sigmoid Colon
- Lower part of the colon; shaped like an "S".
- Uvula
- Soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth.
- Bile
- Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It physically breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules.
- Common Bile Duct
- Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.
- Enamel
- Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.
- Jejunum
- Second part of the small intestine.
- Mastication
- Chewing.
- Parotid Gland
- Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
- Pulp
- Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
- Rugae
- Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
- Sphincter
- Ring of muscles within a tube.
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Enzyme
- A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.
- Absorption
- Passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream.
- Defecation
- Expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.
- Deglutition
- Swallowing.
- Esophagus
- Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
- Lipase
- Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
- Pyloric Sphincter
- Ring of muscle at the distal region of the stomach, where it joins the duodenum.
- Saliva
- Digestive juice produced by salivary glands.
- Stomach
- Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. It is divided into the fundus, body and antrum (distal portion).
- Canine Teeth
-
Pointed, dog-like teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors.
** Also called cuspids or eyeteeth. ** - Palate
- Roof of the mouth.
- Peristalsis
- Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures. It moves the contents throug the gastrointestinal tract at different rates; stomach (0.5 to 2 hours), small intestine (2-6 hours), and colon (6-72 hours).
- Bilirubin
- Pigment released by the liver in bile; produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, a blood protein.
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Villi
** Singular : Villus ** - Microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
- Liver
- A large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. It secrets bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells.
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Papillae
** Papilla (singular) ** - Small elevations on the tongue.It is any nipple-like elevation.
- Alimentary Canal
- The digestive tract (canal)