Med Term Ch 15
Terms
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- -arche
- beginning
- abdominal hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus through an incision in the abdomen
- abortifacient
- drug that causes abortion (eg. mifepristone, formerly known as RU486)
- abortion (AB)
- expulsion of the products of conception before the fetus is viable (able to live outside the uterus)
- abruptio placentae
- premature detachment of a normally situated placenta
- adenocarcinoma of the breast
- malignant tumor of glandular breast tissue
- adhesiolysis, adhesiotomy
- breaking down or severing of pelvic adhesions
- adnexa
- uterine tubes and ovaries (uterine appendages)
- amastia
- absence of a breast
- amenorrhea
- absence of menstruation
- amniocentesis
- aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis of possible fetal abnormalities
- amnioinfusion
- introduction of a solution into the amniotic sac; an isotonic solution is most commonly used to relieve fetal distress
- amnion, amniotic sac
- innermost of the membranes surrounding the embryo in the uterus, filled with amniotic fluid
- amniotic fluid
- fluid within the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects the fetus
- anovulation
- absence of ovulation
- anteflexion
- abnormal forward bending of the uterus
- areola
- dark-pigmented area around the nipple
- aspiration biopsy, needle biopsy
- needle draw of tissue or fluid from a cavity for cytologic examination
- atrophic vaginitis
- thinning of the vagina and loss of moisture because of depletion of estrogen, which causes inflammation of tissue
- augmentation mammoplasty
- reconstruction to enlarge the breast, often by insertion of an implant
- barrier contraceptives
- products that provide a physical barrier to prevent conception (eg. condoms or diaphragms)
- Bartholin glands
- two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete a lubricant during intercourse
- bilateral salpingooophorectomy
- excision of both uterine tubes and ovaries
- biopsy (Bx)
- removal of tissue for microscopie pathologic examination
- carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix
- malignant cell changes of the cervix that are localized, without any spread to adjacent structures
- cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
- condition preventing normal delivery through the birth canal; either the baby's head is too large or the birth canal is too small
- cervic/o
- neck or cervix
- cervical conization
- removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix
- cervical effacement
- progressive obliteration of the endocervical canal during delivery
- cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical dysplasia
- potentially cancerous abnormality of epithelial tissue of the cervix, graded according to the extent of abnormal cell formation: CIN1: mild dysplasia; CIN2: moderate dysplasia; CIN3: severe dysplasia
- cervical neoplasia
- abnormal development of cervical tissue cells
- cervical os
- opening of the cervix to the uterus
- cervicitis
- inflammation of the cervix
- cervix
- neck of the uterus
- cesarean section (C-section)
- surgical delivery of a baby via an incision through the abdomen and into the uterus
- chemotherapy
- treatment of malignancies, infections and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair theier ability to reproduce
- chlamydia
- most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America; often occurs with no symptoms and is treated only after it was been spread, such as after causing pelvic inflammatory disease
- chorionc villus sampling (CVS)
- sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities
- clitoris
- female erectile tissue in the anterior portion of the vulva
- colp/o, vagin/o
- vagina (sheath)
- colporrhaphy
- suture to repair the vagina
- colporrhaphy A&P repair
- anterior and posterior repair of cystocele and rectocele
- colporrhaphy anterior repair
- repair of a cystocele
- colporrhaphy posterior repair
- repair of a rectocele
- colposcopy
- examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope, a specialized microscope which often has a camera attachment for photographs; used to document findings and for followup treatments
- condyloma acuminatum
- lesion that appears as a result of human papilloma virus; on the skin, the lesions appear as cauliflower-like warts, and on mucous membranes, they have a flat appearance; also known as venereal or genital warts
- congenital anomalies, congenital irregularities
- birth defects that cause abnormal development of an organ or a structure (eg. double uterus or absent vagina)
- contraceptive implant
- insertion of a contraceptive capsule under the skin to provide a continual infusion over an extended period
- contraceptive injection
- injection of a contraceptive hormone (eg. Depo-Provera)
- cryosurgery
- method of destroying tissue by freezing; used for treating dysplasia and early cancers
- cystocele
- pouching of the bladder into the vagina
- dermoid cyst
- congenital tumor composed of displaced embryonic tissue (teeth, bone, cartilage, and hair); typically found in an ovary and usually benign
- dilation and curettage (D&C)
- dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium to control bleeding, to obtain tissue for biopsy, or to move polyps or products of conception
- dilation and evacuation (D&E)
- dilation of the cervix and removal of the products of conception; most commonly performed in the second trimester of pregnancy, after a missed abortion
- displacement of the uterus
- displacement of the uterus from its normal position
- dysmenorrhea
- painful menstruation
- dyspareunia
- painful intercourse (coitus)
- eclampsia
- true toxema of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma
- ectopic pregnancy
- implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, often in the tube or ovary, or rarely, in the abdominal cavity
- embryo
- the developing organism from fertilization to the end of the eighth week
- endometriosis
- condition characterized by migration of portions of endometrial tissue outisde the uterine cavity
- endometritis
- inflammation of the endometrium
- endometrium
- lining of the uterus, which is shed approximately every 28 to 30 days in a nonpregnant female during menstruation
- endoscopic biopsy
- removal of a specimen for biopsy during an endoscopic procedure (eg. colposcopy)
- endovaginal sonogram, transvaginal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries made after introduction of an ultrasonic transducer within the vagina; useful for detecting pathology(eg. ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion)
- enterocele
- pouching sac of peritoneum between the vagina and the rectum
- episi/o, vulv/o
- vulva (covering)
- episiotomy
- incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery of a baby
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- disorder that results from the incompatability of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother with an Rh-negative blood factor, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; this condition necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus
- estimated date of confinement (EDC), estimated date of delivery (EDD)
- expected date for delivery of the baby; normally 280 days or 40 weeks from last menstrual period (LMP)
- excisional biopsy
- removal of an entire lesion for microscopic examination
- external version
- abdominal manipulation
- fetal monitoring
- use of an electronic device for simultaneous recording of fetal heart rate and uterine contractions
- fetus
- the developing organism from the ninth week to birth
- fibrocystic breasts
- benign condition of the breast consisting of fibrous and cystic changes that render the tissue more dense; patient feels painful lumps that fluctuate with menstrual periods
- fibroid, fibromyoma, leiomyoma
- benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue
- fistula
- abnormal passage, such as from one hollow organ to another
- fundus
- upper portion of the uterus above the entry to the uterine tubes
- gonorrhea
- contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococus Neisseria gonorrhea; the term refers to the urethral discharge characteristic of the infection, which was first thought to be a leakage of semen
- gravida
- a pregnant woman; gravida followed by a number indicates the number of pregnancies
- gynec/o
- woman
- gynecomastia
- development of mammary glands in the male caused by altered hormone levels
- habitual abortion
- spontaneous abortion occurring in three or more consecutive pregnancies
- hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- virus that causes an inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood
- herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2)
- virus that causes ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after the initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stresss
- hormonal contraceptives
- hormones used to prevent conception by suppressing ovulation
- hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- use of a hormone (eg. estrogen or progesterone) to replace a deficiency or to regulate production
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- virus that causes AIDS , permitting various opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases; contracted through exposure to contaminated blood or body fluid
- human papilloma virus (HPV)
- virus transmitted by direct sexual contact; infection can manifest on the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals
- hymen
- fold of mucous membrane that encircles the entrance to the vagina
- hyperemesis gravidarum
- severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus
- hypermastia, macromastia
- abnormally large breasts
- hypomastia
- unusually small breasts
- hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o
- uterus
- hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus
- hysterosalpingogram
- xray of the fallopian tubes after injection of a contrast medium through the cervix; used to determine tubal patency (openness)
- hysteroscopy
- use of a hysteroscope to examine the intrauterine cavity for assessment of abnormalities (eg. polyps, fibroids, or anomalies)
- incisional biopsy
- removal of a piece of suspicious tissue for microscopic examination (eg. cervical or endometrial biopsy)
- incomplete abortion
- incomplete expulsion of the products of conception
- internal version
- intravaginal manipulation
- intrauterine device (IUD)
- contraceptive device inserted into the uterus that prevents implantation of a fertilized egg
- introitus
- entrance to the vagina
- labia
- folds of tissue on either side of the vaginal opening; known as the labia majora and mabir minora
- lact/o
- milk
- laparoscopic surgery
- surgical procedures within the abdominal or pelvic region using a laparoscope
- laparoscopy
- inspection of the abdominal or pelvic cavity with a laparoscope, which is an endoscope used to examine the abdominal and pelvic regions
- left uterine appendage
- left tube and ovary
- leukorrhea
- abnormal white or yellow vaginal discharge
- lumpectomy
- excision of a breast tumor without removing any other tissue or lymph nodes; usually followed by radiation or chemotherapy if the tumor is cancerous
- macrosomia
- large-bodied baby commonly seen in diabetic pregnancies
- magnetic resonance imaging
- use of nonionizing images to detect gynecologic conditions (eg. anomalies of the pelvis or soft tissues of the breast) or to stage tumors arising from the endometrium or cervix
- mammary glands
- two glands in the female breasts that are capable of producing milk
- mammary papilla
- nipple
- mammogram
- low dose xray imaging of breast tissue to detect neoplasms
- mammoplasty
- surgical reconstruction of a breast
- mast/o, mamm/o
- breast
- mastectomy
- removal of a breast
- mastitis
- inflammation of the breast; most commonly occurs in women who are breastfeeding
- mastopexy
- elevation of pendulous breast tissue
- meconium
- intestinal discharges of the fetus that form the first stools in the newborn
- meconium aspiration
- fetal aspiration of amniotic fluid containing meconium
- meconium staining
- presence of meconium in amniotic fluid
- men/o
- menstruation
- menopause
- cessation of menstrual periods caused by lack of ovarian hormones
- menorrhagia
- excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation (menses)
- metrorrhagia
- bleeding from the uterus at any time other than normal menstruation
- missed abortion
- death of a fetus or embryo within the uterus that is not naturally expelled after death
- modified radical mastectomy
- removal of an entire breast and lymph nodes of the axilla
- multipara
- a woman who has given birth to two or more children
- myomectomy
- excision of fibroid tumors
- myometrium
- muscular wall of the uterus
- nulligravida
- having never been pregnant
- nullipara
- a woman who has not borne a child
- obstetr/o
- midwife
- obstetric sonogram
- ultrasound image of the pregnant uterus to determine fetal development
- oligo-ovulation
- irregular ovulation
- oligomenorrhea
- scanty menstrual period
- oophor/o, ovari/o
- egg
- oophorectomy
- excision of an ovary
- oophoritis
- inflammation of one or both ovaries
- oral contraceptive pill (OCP)
- birth control pill
- ovarian cystectomy
- excision of an ovarian cyst
- ovary
- one of two glands located on each side of the pelvic cavity that produce ova and female sex hormones
- oxytocin
- hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes myometrial contraction; used to induce labor
- Papanicolaou (Pap) Smear
- study of cells collected from the cervix to screen for cancer and other abnormalities
- para
- to bear; a woman who has produced one or more viable (live outside of the uterus) offspring; para followed by a number indicates the number of times a pregnancy has resulted in a single or multiple birth
- parovarian cyst
- cyst of the uterine tube (fallopian tube)
- pelv/i
- pelvis (basin); hip bone
- pelvic adhesions
- scarring of tissue within the pelvic cavity resulting from endometriosis, infection, or injury
- pelvic floor relaxation
- relaxation of supportive ligaments of the pelvic organs
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often caused by bacteria
- pelvic sonography
- ultrasound imaging of the female pelvis
- pelvimetry
- obstetric measurement of the pelvis to evaluate proper conditions for vaginal delivery
- perineum
- region between the vulva and anus
- placenta
- vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy to provide nourishment for the fetus
- placenta previa
- displaced attachment of the placenta in the lower region of the uterine cavity
- polyhydramnios
- excessive amniotic fluid
- polymastia
- presence of more than two breasts
- polythelia, supernumerary nipples
- presence of more than one nipple on a breast
- preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
- toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, and puffiness of the face, without convulsion or coma
- pregnancy test
- test performed on urine or blood to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (secreted by the placenta), which indicates pregnancy
- primigravida
- first pregnancy
- primipara
- first delivery
- prolapse
- descent of the uterus down the vaginal canal
- radiation therapy
- treatment of neoplastic disease using radiation to deter the proliferation of malignant cells
- radical mastectomy
- removal of an entire breast along with the underlying chest muscles and axillary lymph nodes
- radiography
- xray imaging
- rectocele
- pouching of the rectum into the vagina
- rectovaginal fistula
- abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum
- reduction mammoplasty
- reconstruction to remove excessive breast tissue
- retroflexion
- abnormal backward bending of the uterus
- retroversion
- backward turn of the whole uterus; also called tipped uterus
- Rh factor
- presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and the fetus, resulting in fetal anemia, which causes erythroblastosis fetalis
- Rh immune globulin
- immunizing agent given to an Rh-negative mother within 72 hrs after delivering an Rh-positive baby to suppress the Rh immune response
- Rh negative
- absence of antigens
- Rh positive
- presence of antigens
- right uterine appendage
- right tube and ovary
- ruptured membranes
- rupture of the amniotic sac, usually at onset of labor
- salping/o
- uterine (fallopian) tube; also, eustachian tube
- salpingectomy
- excision of a uterine tube
- salpingitis
- inflammation of a fallopian tube
- salpingostomy
- creation of an opening in the fallopian tube to open a blockage
- salpingotomy
- incision into a fallopian tube; often performed to remove an ectopic pregnancy
- sentinel node breast biopsy
- biopsy of the sentinel node in a breast with early cancer to determine metastases and, if no malignancy is found, to avoid the extensive removal of axillary nodes, which causes lymphedema (swelling under the arms); includes radionuclide imaging to locate
- simple mastectomy
- removal of an entire breast but with the underlying muscle and axillary lymph nodes left intact
- sonohysterogram, hysterosonogram, saline infusion sonogram
- transvaginal sonographic image made as sterile saline is injefcted into the uterus; used to assess uterine pathology or to determine tubal patency
- spermicide
- creams, jellies, lotions, or foams containing agents that kill sperm
- spontaneous abortion (SAB)
- miscarriage; naturally occurring expulsion of the products of conception
- stereotactic breast biopsy
- use of xray imaging, a specialized stereotactic frame, and a computer to calculate, precisely locate, and direct a needle into a breast lesion to remove a core specimen for biopsy
- syphilis
- infectious disease caused by a spirochete transmitted via direct, intimate contact and that may involve any organ or tissue over time; usually manifests first on the skin, with the appearance of small, painless, red papules that erode and form bloodless u
- therapeutic abortion (TAB)
- abortion induced by mechanical means or by drugs for medical reasons
- threatened abortion
- bleeding with the threat of miscarriage
- toc/o
- labor or birth
- tocolytic agent
- drug used to stop labor contractions
- total hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus and the cervix
- trasnabdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the lower abdomen, including the bladder, uterus, tubes, and ovaries, to detect conditions such as cysts and tumors
- tubal ligation
- sterilization of a woman by cutting and tying (ligating) the uterine tubes
- urethrocele
- pouching of the urethra into the vagina
- uterine tubes, fallopian tubes
- tubes extending from each side of the uterus toward the ovary that provide a passage for ova to the uterus
- uterus
- womb; a pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity in which the embryo and fetus develops
- vagina
- tubular passageway from the cervix to the outside of the body
- vaginal hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus through the vagina
- vaginitis
- inflammation of the vagina with redness, swelling, and irritation; often caused by a specific organism such as Candida or Trichomonas (a sexually transmitted parasite)
- vaginosis
- infection of the vagina, with little or no inflammation, characterized by a milk-like discharge and an unpleasant odor; also known as nonspecific vaginitis
- version
- manual method for reversing the position of the fetus, usually done to facilitate delivery
- vesicovaginal fistula
- abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina
- vulva
- external genitalia of the female