RTVF 1310 exam 3

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can choose their own programming: radio stations
gives broadcasters freedom from censorship: section 326 of the communications act
american radio has: format freedom
provide attractive programming to meet information and entertainment needs of audience: task
original programming produced by radio station: local programming
obtained from a commercial supplier outside the station: prerecorded or syndicated programming
obtained from radio networks such as abc, cbs or national public radio: news and talk network programming
most popular form of radio programming: music
-- out of -- stations use music as programming backbone: 9 out of 10
include news, sports, weather, traffic: local shows
in news/talk, popular talk personalities are syndicated via: satellite
employs its own announcers and newscasters: local, live production
station uses syndicated programming but retains local announcers: live-assist production
station is fully automated: turnkey automation
station uses syndicated producer for majority of programming: semiautomation
computer automation makes it possible to program more than one station with the same personnel: voice tracking
the over all sound and image of the radio station: format
includes stations approach to talk, music, promotion, ads, community relations, personalities, etc: format
to identify and serve a predetermined set of listeners -to serve those listeners better than the competition -to reward listeners both on and off air, make them consistent customers for the products and services advertised on the station: keys to a successful format
-do a better job at specific format than the competition -develop a niche that will deliver a large enough audience to attract advertising revenue to the station: programming strategies
station ownership, dial location, power, technical facilities, management philosophy: internal factors
geography, population, characteristics, program weaknesses (otehr stations): external factors
goal of radio programming: attract and maintain an audience
the primary group sought by the radio station is defined by what two things?: demographics and psychographics
age, education, racial/ethnic background, sex: demographic
attitudes, beliefs and lifestyles: psychographics
radio has phenomenal: reach
radio reaches how many people each week: 250 million
just under half of all 12+ listeners between: 6& 10 am
radio reaches more people than tv, cable newspapers, magazines and online services during which time: 6 am to 6 pm
age breakouts (e.g. 18-24, 18-34, 18-49): demographic categories
women, mid 30s: ideal target group
measures qualitative research and attempts to understand attitudes, beliefs, leisure pusuits, and political interests: current research rage
values and lifestyles of listeners: qualitative research
6-10 am:: morning drive (most important)
3-7 pm: evening drive (second most important time)
10 am - 3 pm: daytime (1 in five people listen)
after 7 pm: evening and late night (ratings drop because of people watching tv)
saturday late morning and early afternoon are most important in: weekend radio
looks like the face of a clock: the format wheel
used to plan and execute the stations sound -shows where music, commercials, news, occur within the program schedule -stations may use diferent clocks for different dayparts: format wheel
a main purpose of the hot clock: rotation of music
three main types of information on a hot clock:: -commercial time positions
-promotional position
-programming
music and news/talk segments: programming
when too many commercials have been placed on the format: clutter
most station program between -- and -- minutes of commercials per hour: 8 and 18
the ocmmercial and promotional segments of the hot clock: spot sets
given most air play: current hits
recent hits still popular: recurrent
oldies: gold
overlap one program element with another: segue
musical set: swee[
stations publish a list of songs played on specific formats and these are used by major record labels to guage what gets airplay: playlist
billboard, radio and records: tip sheets
requests to station are logged in: call-ins
"hooks" are played over the phone: call-outs
200+ song hooks test with large group focus study: auditorium tests
in depth interviews about musical preferences: focus group study
taking something of value in exchange for on air presentation/promotion: payola
addresses disclosure to station management: section 508 of the CA
addresses sponsorship id requirements: sec. 317 of the CA
are as complex as music formats: talk formats
four common programming elements:: news talk business and sports
shows various program segments: format wheel
cyclical format: all news
news segments mixed with talk segments: news/talk
approximately 400 cpb qualified stations rely on npr and pri for programming: public
approximately 800 stations licensed to. operated as student activities. mixed formats: college
operated by civil and religious organizations, school boards, charitable foundations, programming is mixed. block programming used: community
new authorization for ver low power fm stations: micro-broadcasting
ideal for small community organizations: non-commercial
tv named most frequently as --- --- of news: primary source
tv leads over the second choice which is: newspaper
proportion of people citing radio, newspaper, magazines as their primary news source has: fallen
tv seen as most credible since: 1961
1992 tv was named most credible -- to -- over newspapers: 2 to 1
growth areas since 2000 has been the: internet
1997: internet was voted the top news source by -- percent of the public: 2%
2006: internet voted top news source by -- percent of public: 24%
2008: pew study shows tv -- percent; internet --; newspaper --: 70
40
35
television emerges as primary source of news and information: the kennedy assasination
killing of suspect --- --- -- in front of millions: lee harvey oswald
jfk's funeral seen: worldwide
-- of -- americans watch jfk funeral on tv: 9 of 10
-integration of central hs -i have a dream speech by mlk -tv shows fire horses and bullwhips in birmingham -civil rights marches across the south -1965 watts riots; 1967 nation wide riots -assassination of martin luther king, april 1968: television and civil rights
television and the --- ---: 1961-75: vietnam war
war years mirror rise in: tv technology
war serves as a -- -- for news people: training ground
nightly --- --- was brought into america's living rooms during the war: casualty list
-sub orbital flights -lunar landing -shuttle missions/ tragedies -international space station: television news grows with us space program
-sweeps minidocs and news consultants: increase in profits and fight for ratings: news as show biz
-engagned in controversial "happy talk" -glamorous anchor-journalists sometimes lack real journalism skills: transition in the late 70s
-eng -sng -voip: technology
c span, cnn, fox news channel, and msnbc: all news, all the time
tv news is losing respect as an information source: "tabloid" journalism
-oj simpson case -jon benet ramsay case -natalie holloway disappearance -trial of michael jackson -death of michael jackson -lindsay lohan -paris hilton -charlie sheen: "tabloid" journalism
decline of --- --- since 1998: news credibility
24 hour localized versions of cnn: regional and local cable news
-news 12, long island, encompassing nassau and suffolk counties and the suburbs of new york city; txcn, belo corp.: regional and local cable news
-sharing resources between commonly owned stations -conventuring are examples of: cooperation
-local affilliates re-broadcast over independent stations and cable stations (local-local news) -partnerships with newspaper and radio: coenturing
for sports, weather and news junkies needing up-to-the-minute scores, temperatures and stories: news-on-demand
-bbc -cnn international -al-jazeera -sky news -tf1 and canal plus -cctv -telenoticias: international news
television news team:: tv news-command structure
-the "boss" has overall day-to-day responsibility for the operation: the news director
retains editorial and content control over content within the newscast: the news producer
-maintains the future file: assignment editor
-an annotated listing of upcoming news events to be covered by assigned reporting teams: future file
-prepares research -scouts locations for pre-planned events: field producer
shuttle launch, murder trial, etc. -invaluable for reporters: pre planned events
-gets orders -does initial research over the phone -sets up interviews -teamed with a photographer -supervises the editing of the stories: reporter
sometimes fills the journalistic gap caused by the hiring of attractive anchors who draw a good audience but who may have limited writing skills: writer
-responsible for putting together packages of news stories: editor
-inserts voice-overs and graphics collaborating with reporters: editor
maintains editorial control over the make up individual newscasts story lineup, length, etc.: news producer
-coordinates the anchors, cameras, reporters and personnel before and during a news broadcast in a studio -also live-in-the field situations requiring personal and technological skills: the boss in the studio
-represent the news to the public -must appear trustworthy and authoritative -controversy continues over journalistic quality of local anchors continues: anchors
-programs created and distributed by the major networks; lost; grey's anatomy: network programming (broadcast)
programming sold by distribution companies to local tv stations and cable services: syndication
programs produced by local tv and cable systems for their own communities: local-origination
the big four: cbs, abc, nbc, fox
each of the big four have about --- affiliates: 200
now involved in sydication: mynetwork (launched in 2006)
-network cash compensation in the past -affiliates compensated wiht avails within network programming -have the right to clear of preempt programming: affiliates agreements
rules hsape program production and --- ---: network landscape
in the early 1970s, fcc attempts to stop the networks from monopolizing --- ---: entertainment production
networks had to being paying --- --- to production companies for programming: licensing fees
1986- --- --- and the emergence of fox tv: fin syn
1995- fin syn: abolished
when fin-syn was abolished, networks were allowed to own their own shows and sell them into syndication following --- ---: network run
the major studios:: exerting major influence
-columbia tri star (owned by sony) -twentieth television/fox network (owned rupert murdoch) -warner bros (owned by time warner cable) -paramount (part of bcs/viacom conglomerate) -nbc universal -disney studios: major studios that exerted major influence
intended to encourage program production: prime time access rule (ptar)
-by non hollywood/ independent production companies -of local programming by local tv stations especially in larger markets: intended to encourage program production
prohibited top 50 market network affiliates from filling access time with desirable off-network syndicated series: ptar
resulted in this highly popular type of programming being more available to independent stations in those markets: ptar
ptar enabled independent stations to compete with network affiliates during --- --- hours: prime time
ptar effectively repealed by --- in ---: fcc in 1996
-fall season runs sept-oct -second season runs jan-feb: traditional network seasons
-runs new episodes of popular shows in the summer, instead of showing re-runs; a strategy now followed by cw and ion: fox network defies tradition
-dominated by few conglomerates and major networks -some from independent producers: tv production
an idea or concept may be commissioned by the network, either --- or ---: formally or informally
short narratve may be offered: treatment
process where costing and legalities are worked out: development
arrangements for the program put together in specific order: step deal
sample productions ordered up by networks: polots
networks get the right of: first refusal
-80% of programming is made up of theatrical releases on major pay cable services -film studios sign exclusivity deals with pay services for specific runs: theatrical motion pictures
80% of programming is made up of theatrical releases on: major pay cable services
film studios sign --- --- with pay services for specific runs: exclusivity deals
-films are sold by distributors in: packages
a series of film titles sold to advertiser supported cable networks: packages
keeps cable attractive despite competition from video stores & other sources -original movies production costs between 4-8 million dollars: cable original movies
cable films address more sensitive issues than films made for --- broadcast films: ota
-sign of cable's programming maturity: cable series
high profile regularly scheduled series: cable series
pbs stations target and --- ---: undeserved audience
not the largest audience possible: underserved audience
pbs charges membership dues to: affiliates
in return for membership dues to affiliates , the affiliates share in the programming funded and distributed by: pbs
pbs produces no programs itself, it serves as a conduit to: program producers
just over -- in -- programs comes from one of pbs' member situations: one in four
-- programs are made via international producers: 7%
-consortiums, philanthropies, corporations, foundations and individual contributions: other programs are funded by these
pbs affiliates themselves decide when to: air national programs
--- and --- programming from the bbc and independent television (united kingdom) also a source for the local schedules of pbs affiliates: comedic and satirical
pbs stations also produce wide variety of: local programming
two primary buyers or markets for syndication programming: the syndication market
-local ota television stations -cable networks including usa network, tnt, lifetime, etc: buyers or markets for syndication programming
created in 1963 -annual convention: national association of television program executives (napte)
napte showcases newly syndicated programs to local and international tv stations: national convention
-programming originally produced for one of the major networks; 100 episodes is the magic number:seinfield, everbody loves raymont, the simpsons: off net syndication
programming developed specifically for syndication, life game shows, talk shows, and action series: first run
films that have completed their theatrical run and whose video and cable releases are sold to stations: movie packages
syndicators offer their programs to stations at a reduced cost in exchange for the right to insert advertising: barter plus cash
syndicators offer their programs to stations for no charge with guaranteed local avails for the station: straight barter
provides exclusivity -in market -national rights: syndicated exclusivity
syndex: syndicated exclusivity
-espn 1.1 billion dollars a year (1006-2013): monday night football
fox and cbs 8 billion dollars a year (2006-2011): sunday afternoon games
sunday night game; super bowls of the 2009 and 2011 seasons; 2 wild card weekend playoff games: nbc 600 million dollars a year from 2006-2011
-impact of cable -televisions impact on sports event scheduling -impact of high college rights fees -televisions impact on pro player salaries -violence on the field -innapropriate sponsorships: issues surrounding televised sports
techniques to maximize viewership: programming strategies
object is: audience flow
flow through, outflow, inflow: audience flow
different program with similar audience appeal -oprah vs ellen -chicago hope vs er: challenge programming
comedies vs news, drama vs reality shows. -espn's 11pm sports center starts same time as local news -cbs' monday night, sitcom line-up counter programs espn's monday night football: counterprogramming
-challenge programming -counterprogramming -block programming: programming strategies
genre groupings: block programming
weak/ new program scheduled between two strong entries: hammock
hour long program bridges a program change on a competing network: bridging
called television a vast wasteland in 1961: newton minow
called television a toaster with pictures in 1981: mark fowler
large at-sea vessels must be equipped with wireless sets: wireless ship act of 1910
post-titanic regulation said radio operators had to get license from secretary of commerce and assigned frequencies and hours of operation to prevent interference at sea: radio act of 1912
spectrum interference; change was needed: 1920s
principles of scarcity theory: 1927 radio act
-spectrum is publicly owned, not private -stations to operate in the public interest -government censorship is prohibited -federal radio commission created to grant licenses make rules subject to judicial review -frc eliminates interference pr: principles of scarcity theory
created to grant licenses, make rules subject to judicial review: federal radio commission
electromagnetic spectrum is limited and a national resource; government reserves the right to impose obligations and regulations on those allowed to broadcast (traditional rationale): scarcity theory
-expanded frc from 5-7 members -renamed, federal communications commission -expands jurisdiction to include wireless and telephone -bulk of 1927 legislation included and strengthened in title 3 of the communications act - found as part of titl: the communications act of 1934
fcc refuses to regulate it for lack of on air use: 1950s
pressure from broadcasters adds regulations; slows cable growth: 1960s
pressure from cable wins favorable legislation: 1970s
state and local regulations differ by: locale
local governments offer a particular cable provider right of: exclusivity
the most significant piece of electronic legislation in more than 60 years: telecommunications act of 1996
create competition between cable and phone companies is the intent of: the telecommunications act of 1996
-removed limits on number of radio stations one could own -liberalized rules covering local ownership -could own multiple stations if combined viewership is less than 35% of nations homes -created 8 year license renewals for both radio and tv: telecommunications act of 1996
parental access control: v chip
tv and radio so pervasive and potentially intrusive that the public is entitled to some protection from unwanted or offensive messages (recent rationale): passive presence theory
-federal communications commission -congress (legislative branch) -courts (judiciary branch) the white house (executive branch) -industry lobbyist -the public -state and local government -the market place: regulatory forces: 8 key components
5 commissioners:: presidential appointment, senate confirmed
no more than - from any political party in the federal communications commission: 3
-consumer and government affairs bureau -enforcement bureau -wireless telecommunications bureau -wireline competition bureau -media bureau serve...: the 5 commissioners
oversees fm, am radio, broadcast tv cable and satellite services: media bureau
-conducts proceedings concenin broadcast, cable -conducts proceedings related to dbs issues including satellite home viewer improvement act and customer premises equipment: policy division
administers the fccs programs for political broadcasting and equal employment opportunity matters: policy division
fcc makes a proposal, allows for public comments, posts it in the federal register: policy making
office of plans and policy studies trends and anticipates future policy problems: future planning
localism is a recent example of: future planning
grants licenses for stations: fcc
-must be a us citizen, free from foreign control -must be of good character -must report all felonious, adverse civil judgments -looks at potential future conduct of applicant -applicant must show financial and technical strengths: requirements for licenses for stations
-- months to build for radio: 18
-- months to build for television: 24
if a cp is issued, upon completion of construction,: must apply for a license
program test authority -license issued if...: cp is issued
application for consent to assignment of broadcast construction permit or license -must be submitted within 30 days: fcc form 314
after fcc form 314 is approved, the buyer must submit a letter of --- within -- days: a letter of consummation
90
ownership report for commercial stations: fcc form 323
ownership report for noncommercial educational stations: fcc form 323-e
application for consent to transfer of control of corporation holding broadcast station construction permit or license: fcc form 315
must be submitted when a controlling block of shares of a broadcasting company is transferred to a new entity or an individual: fcc form 315
application for consent to assignment or transfer of control: fcc form 316
used when a station is involuntarily transferred, such as to a trustee in bankruptcy: fcc form 316
the role of the fcc: license renewal
fcc has traditionally endorsed: diverse ownership
radio/tv station renewals up every --- years: 8
has station operated in the public interest?: scrutiny
must report programs that address the educational needs of children: commercial tv stations
an incumbent station will win out over a rival if past service is good: renewal expectancy
expectation of license renewal unless: serious violation occurs
-knowingly making a false statement to fcc -unauthorized transfer of control -indecency violations in programming rarely lead to refusal of renewal: license denials
forfeitures and due process: notice of inquiry
sanctions
-letters to a station's file -fines short term license renewal: 6 months to 2 years -refusal or revocation of licenses: rare: sanctions
32,500 dollars per day for each occurrence up to a maximum of 325,000 dollars; one year imprisonment: maximum fcc forfeiture
fines can be appealed on --- or --- grounds: statutory
constitutional
allows fcc to see if past deficiencies have been corrected: short term license renewal
stations in chicago and san francisco have been denied renewals for representation: refusal of license
fcc depends on ---: to monitor stations
fcc depends on --- to monitor stations: complaints
-technical operation -compliance with eeo requirements -indecency issues have come under increasing scrutiny over the past few years: fcc enforcement focus areas
proper tower lighting and painting -eas operation: technical operation
-summary decisions -hearings before alj's: adjudication
judicial route: appeals
the fcc does not license: cable systems
state and local governments grand: franchises
franchises last between -- and -- years: 10
15
local franchise authority regulates: basic rates
set rates for other tiers of service: cable companies
pay per view rates or per program services are not regulated by fcc or: local franchise authority
sets regulatory structure for basic and expanded programming: cable television consumer protection
-competition act of 1992
fcc promulgates regulations that compel cable companies: compliance
gave fcc power to control technical issues regarding satellite tv: communications satellite act of 1962
-premits satellite carriers to transmit local tv signals into local markets -attempt to put satellite carriers on an equal footing with cable companies; fostering competition, giving consumers more choice: satellite home viewer improvement act of 1999
fcc does not regulate --- or ---: internet or isp's
fcc does regulate --- and ---: telephone and cable
the fcc has an influence on how: one connects to the internet
fcc did away with reulates that treated --- --- provided by telephone companies differently than broadband offered by cable companies in 2005: broadband services
created the fcc; all previous and ne broadcast legislation -controls purse strings of fcc -can create new legislation -can hold public hearings on actions of fcc: congress
ended tv advertisement of cigarettes in: 1971
rivals congress in terms of influence over the fcc -judicial process -courts articulated the pervasive presence rationale: courts
-main player in the judicial process: us court of appeals
other appeals of the judicial process may go to -- other us courts of appeal: 12
final appeals go to the: us supreme court
courts look for fair -- -- by the fcc: non arbitrary actions
-presidents cabinet officers can: influence policy
the white house hac initiate --- legislation: communication
the president can influence the fcc political agenda and regulatory tone with his: appointees
the white house has own agency specializing in: telecommunications
the national telecommunications and information administration: the white house's agency
200 year old force in american politics: industry lobbyists
help lawmakers learn about the impact of legislation on society -broadcasting/cable lobbyists express their views to the fcc, congress, the courts and the white house: function of industry lobbyists
the major networks all maintain: lobbyists
esiest for lobbyists to --- somethign than to...: prevent
make it happen
in the 1970s citizen involvement: peaked
deregulation, longer licensing terms and dwindling financial support hurt: power of citizens lobbbyists
-center for media education -media access project: two citizen groups
try to cultivate good public opinion: citizen groups
public influences policy through --- --- --- and members of congress: election of president
states often have laws that touch upon areas of communications not specifically mentioned in federal statuses -states/cities can enact laws that protect privacy of subscribers to local stations -collect franchise fees, negotiate franchise contract: state and local government
the market place concept involves buyers and sellers and general economic forces like...: -supply
-demand
-competition
-prices
marketplace promotes: efficiency
attitude of fcc towards marketplace varies with different ...: administrations and commissioners
recent trend of relying on marketplace as a: determinant
only responsive to economic forces, not sensitive to social needs: disadvantage to the marketplace
written statements of principle guiding behavior: codes
common in many professions: medicine, law, journalism: codes
national association of broadcasters: the nab code
the nab established radio code in ----, included tv in ----: 1929
1952
the nab code covered both --- and ---: programming
advertising
after 1982 anti trust suit...elected to dissolve the code completely: nab code
voluntary statement of principles of radio and television broadcasting adopted in 1990, reaffirmed in 1992: national association of broadcasters
code of broadcast news ethics: radio & television digital news association
code for objectivity and press responsibility: society of professional journalists
code for truthfulness in advertising: american advertising federation
national cable television association -national advertising division -national advertising review board: industry profession groups (other)
working with students: scholarly and academic organizations
-broadcast education association -association for education in journalism and mass comm: scholarly and academic organizations
congress introduced bill to allow industry to create new code (didn't pass): 1997
in 1998, nab was asked to draft an updated --- --- for broadcasters: voluntary code
in 2000, senate asked fcc to examine if current programming was serving the: public interest
in 2004, after the janet jackson wardrobe malfunction, the nab formed: task force
has any new code been proposed so far?: no
public and employees are made aware of specific policies: advantages to codes
codes could be used in court against a station: disadvantages to codes
-- -- put your organization on record: written policies
with this in mind, codes are often worded --- to reflect and entire organization: vaguely
without codes, management must be sensitive to political, social, and economic --- of community: sensibilities
without codes, stations develop own --- ---: policy guidelines
s&p departments have been: cut back
societal standards are more: tolerant
introduced controversial shows like married with children, the simpsons: fox network
networks competitive position impacts: standard
cable overall has more -- over ota: leeway
premium cable channels have the greatest latitude when it comes to --- and --- content: mature
sexual
determination of acceptability of tv/radio messages may depend on these things (4): size of the market
the time period
the stations audience
the type of content involved
v chip attempts to pass some --- on the public: responsibility
requires the v chip device in every tv set 13-inches or larger: section 551, telecommunications act of 1996
creation of ratings definitions and guidelines is: voluntary
concern over portrayal of ---: minorities
concern over presentation of --- and ---: sex
violence
which group is concerned about the presentation of sex and violence: parents television council
the parent teacher association and the national education association have to do with: childrens programming
measures rightness/wrongness of actions in terms of consequences: teleological approach
most popular teleological theory: utilitarianism
a person should act such that it produces the greatest possible ratio of good over evil: utilitarianism
one makes the decision that yields the most good and/or the least harm for the fewest number: utilitarianism
act in a way that is best for you: premise of egoism
do not sacrifice self for others: egoism
egoism requires thoughtful analysis of each choice to find what is: best for an individual
egoism does not preclude --- to others or --- for others welfare: kindness
concern
criticized for being paradoxical and inconsistent: egoism
not concerned with consequences: deontological approach
deals with those duties that are morally required of all: deontological
reason, society, supernatural, the human conscience: source of the duties morally required for all
doesn't matter if consequences for the deontological approach of --- are ---: lying
beneficial
deontology was developed by: immanuel kant
duty governs --- not ---: decisions
consequences
ones duty is recognized via --- ---: categorical imperative
act only on principles youd want to be: universal law
what is right for one is right for one is right for all falls under: categorical imperative
-developed by writings of aristotle -grounded in natural law -search for the extremes: the golden mean
moderation, temperance, equilibrium, harmony: grounded by natural law: the golden mean
search for extremes-: find the golden mean within
in cultural ethics you're grounded in society,: not nature
in cultural ethics, an individual is shaped by culture,: not nature
in cultural ethics, an individual adjusts to a society of: no universals
in cultural ethics, problems are solved ---, which no regard to ---: contextually
norms
solicit advice from peers; review how similar circumstances were handled by others to determine norms: problems solved contextually
argues that societal norms are inadequate due to uniqueness of all situations and problems: situational ethics
in situational ethics, decisions are founded upon: unique details of situation
generally ranked high in growth and earnings per share: companies ranking high in ethics
assures some consistency in decision making: personal ethics
in order to be able to respond quickly- and ethically, must have some predefined standards in place before issues arise: media practitioners
will provide the ability to rationally explain decisions by studying and adopting techniques of --- ---: moral reasoning
a scare commodity-time to: reflect on decisions
lack training in ethical standards- many --- --- ---: current media execs
rarely conduct ethics training: companies
helpful but must be weighed by an awareness of the nature of the day-to-day pressures in tv and radio: theoretical knowledge of ethics
balancing profits against public service: number one ethical problem
the creator of amazing discoveries-- produced 45 infomercials over 5 years generating an estimated revenue of 300 million dollars: positive response tv
by the late 90s some estimates indicated the informercial industry brought in: 1.7 billion dollars

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