Biology Grade 9 Chapter 13 "The Puzzle of Life's Diversity"
Terms
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- A collectionof scientific facts,observations, and hypothesis
- Evolutionary thory
- Change over time...the process of now modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
- Evolution
- A well supported, testable explanation of a natural phenomenon
- a theory
- Scientist that sailed around the world on the HMS beagle, studied Galapagos islands, observed a wide range of diversity among plants and animals. "Could these separate species have evolved from an original ancerstor afterbecoming isolated?"
- Charles Darwin
- What did earths' early atomsphere consist of?
- hydrogen cyanide, CO2,nitrogen,hydrogen sulfide, and water
- What very important gas was not present during early earths time period?
- oxygen,which later came from photosynthetic organisms
- Two scientists that put early earth's inorganic atmospheric gases in a sealed chamber to show how firstlife forms may have developed
- Miller and Urey
- Result of Miller and Urey's experiment?
- Organic compounds formed after sealing inorganic atmospheric gases in a sealed chamber then adding heat
- The two types of first cells
- Prokaryotic,anerobic
- Cells without a nucleus
- prokaryotic
- Cells that did not use or need oxygen
- anaerobic
- Theory that prokaryotic cells grouped together to form one eukaryotic cell
- Endosymbiotic theory
- Divisions of labor within the cell (term)
- cell specialization
- Genetic recombination in offspring is allowed by what?
- sexual reproduction
- Scientists who study fossils are...
- Paleontologists
- Factors like structure, diet, predators, and environments can all be determined by what?
- Fossils
- Gives evidence for the history of life on earth (term)
- The fossil record
- The fossil record shows how different groups of organisms have changed over time. It is also __________
- incomplete
- Layers of rock that contain most fossils and are deposited over time (term)
- sedimentary rock
- The type of fossil dating where age is compared to other fossils.(oldest fossils are lowest in layers)
- Relative dating (they dont know how long it takes each layer to form)
- The type of fossil dating where they study the actual age of the fossil and analyze the amount of radioactive isotope still left in the fossil
- radioactive dating
- Over ____ percent of Earth's species have become extinct
- 99!
- _____(person) argued that living things have been evolving on earth for millions of years
- Darwin, Charles
- There are six general types of evidence of Darwins' theory. They are...
- the fossil record, geographic distribution, homologous body structures, vestigal structures, embryological similarities, biochemical
- One of six types of evidence that shows that fossils arethe remains of ancient life, and that examining fossils in layers of sedimentary rock show gradual change over time
- the fossil record
- One of six types of evidence that shows certain animals in similar environments evolve similar features due to the similar pressures of natural selection
- geographic distribution
- One of six types of evidence that shows Body parts develop from the same cells in developing embryos but differ widely in their form and function as adults
- Homologous body structures
- Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryotic tissue(term)
- homologous structures
- One of six types of evidence that shows structures that once served a purpose but are now reduced in size and have no present function
- vestigal structures
- One of six types of evidence that shows during periods of the early stages of embryo developement, different vertabraes are very similar
- Embryological similarities
- One of six types of evidence that shows when DNA sequences are compared, the closer the DNA sequence the closer the evolutionary relationship
- biochemical
-
Geologist that proposed that geologic events or forces had shaped our earth.
*the geiologic features of earth such as rocklayers, mountains form very slowly
*earth had to be more than a few thousand years old, that these processes take million - 1795- James Hutton
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Geologist that explained the proscesses that shaped theearth in his book Principles of Geology
*these processes have shaped and continue to shape
*This helped explain how marine fossils could end up at thetop of a mountain range - 1833- Charles Lyell
-
Naturalist who proposed that living things change over time and that all species were descended from other species.
*Organisms were somehow adapted to environment
**ACQUIRED TRAITS CAN BE PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION -
Jean-baptiste Lamarck-1809
(his theories were incorrect) - a type of characteristic: blue eyes
- inherited
- a type of characteristic: playing piano
- acquired
-
economist that stated people are being born faster than they are dying
*if the population continued to grow unchecked there would not be enough food or space for anyone - Thomas Malthus-1798
- _____(person) returned in 1836 to England with his specimen from around the world
- DARWIN...(hms beagle)
- In 1858 _________(person) published a short essay on evolutionary change
- Alfred Wallace
- In 1859 darwin published...
- On the Origin of Species *(an entire volume)
- Darwins' Theory of _________ is divided into six parts.
- Natural Selection
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*The environment can't support every organism that is born - Organisms produce more offspring that actually survive
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Memebers of each species must compete for resources - Every organism must struggle for existence
-
A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Not all the invdividuals of a population have the same traits
(adaptation) - Natural Variation exists within a population
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Survival of the fittest - Some adaptations allow memebers to survive and reproduce better (fitness)
-
A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Organisms with best fitness pass their traits on, and these helpful traits gradually appear in more and morefo the offspring (artificial selection, breeding, etc.) - natural selection
-
A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Each species has descended with changes from other species
(common descent) - Descent with Modification
- a group of organisms that breed and produce fertile offspring (term)
- species
- the process ofhow new species are formed
- speciation
- For new species to evolve, populations muist become ___________ ________ from one another.
- reporductively isolated
- When members of two populations can not interbreed and produce fertile offspring. (term)
- reproductive isolation
- The three ways of reproductive isolation
- geographic, behavioral, temporal (time)
- Type of reproductive isolation where: two populations are seperated by geographic barriers like rivers, mountains, bodies of water
- geographic isolation
- Type of reproductive isolation where: two populations are capable of interbreeding,but have differences in courtship rituals or mating behaviors
- behaviorial isolation
- Type of reproductive isolation where: two populations live in the same environment but breed at different times
- temporal isolation
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Era that contains quarternary and tertiary
*warmer climate, first humans
* mammals adapted to the water land and sky. "age of mammals" - Cenozioc Era
-
Era that contains cretaceous, jurassic, and triassic periods.
*earliest plants
*earliest birds and mammals
*earliest dinosaurs "age of mammals" - Mesozoic Era
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Era that contains permian, carboniferous, devonian,silurian,ordivican, and cambrian periods
*First land animals, amphibiens..."age of fish"
*first land plants
*Earliest Fish - Paleozoic Era
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Era in which the origin of life in seas took place
*fossils are rare
*mainly unicellular life - Pre-Cambrian Era
- The frequency of an allele in the population (term)
- gene frequency
- a change in the DNA sequence (term)
- mutations
- Variation in genes due to independent assortment and crossing over
- gene shuffling
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DIRECTIONAL SELECTION:
When individuals at _______ of the curve have higher fitess than individuals in the ___________. -
1)one end
2)middle or other end -
STABILIZING SELECTION:
when individuals __________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at _____ -
1) near the center
2) either -
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION:
When individuals at the _______ of the curve have higeher fitness than individuals _______. -
1) upper and or lower
2) near the middle - The ______ _______ principle describes a hypothetical situationin which tehre is nochange ibn the gene pool, hence no evolution
- Hardy Weinberg
- the frequencies of alleles will remain unchanged generation after generation if these conditions are met (5)
- Large population, Random mating, no mutation,no migration, no natural selection
- Define Genetic Drift.
- in small populatikons, an allele can belost in a population due to chance