Botony Lab Practical
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- Why should only lens paper be used to clean the microscope?
- The microscope lens scratch easy and the lens paper gently cleans it without damage
- What is the function of the condenser?
- It concentrates light in the plane of the object viewed
- What is resolution?
- The capacity of the microscope to seperate tiny, closely adjacent objects
- Where should an adjustable condenser be set for a maximum resolution?
- Turn the knob so that the top lens of the condenser us as close to the stage as it'll go, then back off no more than a millimeter
- What is the function of the iris diagram?
- It regulates the amount of light passing through an object
- What happens to the light intesity as the magnification is increased?
- It gets darker
- What happens to the light intensity as the magnification is decreased?
- It gets lighter
- What happens to the actual amount of field vision when magnification is increased?
- It is decreased
- The greater the magnification the ____ the depth of field
- less
- How many layers of cells are there in an Elodea leaf?
- Two
- How should a coverslip be applied to a drop of liquid on a microscope slide?
- Dip one edge in the water drop, the slowly lower
- When chloroplasts appear to be moving within a living cell, what is the cause of thir movement called?
- Cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming
- In most living cells, such as those of the Elodea, where is the cytoplasm located? How extensive are plant cell vacuoles?
- Cytoplasm is confined to the walla and may even extend across the vacuoles. (& in plasma membrane)
- What cytoplasmic bridges?
- Thin strands of cytoplasm
- What parts of cells are normally visible with the aid of a compound microscope?
- Cytoplasm, nuclei, vacuoles, chloroplasts
- If present in a cell, where are anthocyanin pigments located?
- Pink staining in cell vacuoles
- How are amyloplasts distinguished from parenchyma cells in a potato?
- Can use stain to distinguish, amloplasts are colorless after staining
- What are striae, and where are they located in a spiderwort stamen hair cell?
- Lines on the surface of each cell
- How does chromoplasts differ from a chloroplast?
- Chromoplasts are much smaller and red/orange in color
- In what part of the cell are chloroplasts located?
- Cytoplasm, the wall, across vacuoles, and in the plasma membrane
- What is cyclosis?
- The movement of chloroplasts and cytoplasm
- What is a vacuole?
- Flexible bag of watery fluid, a wetery sac
- What is the thin boundary of the vacuole called?
- Vacuolar membrane
- Is the vacuolar membrane visible?
- No
- Where would you look for the nucleus in an Elodea cell?
- Against the cell wall
- Anthocynanin pigments and chromoplasts may both be red in color, how would you distinguish b/w the two if they were both present in the cell
- Anthocyanin pigments are in the vacuoles
- How can you tell a potato amyloplast from a cell?
- Colorless w/ faint concentric lines formed by deposits of starch w/ in them
- Specifically, where do starch grains develop?
- In amyloplasts
- Where would you expect to find the nucleolus?
- W/ in the nucleus
- With which specific region of the roots is this exercise concerned?
- Region of maturation
- In which tissues do the root hairs originate?
- Epidermal cell
- In which tissues do the lateral roots originate?
- Pericycle
- What evidence of the food-storage function of cortex is present in buttercup (Ranunculus) roots?
- Extensive tissue w/ starch grains interior to the epidermis
- Which tissue surrounds and borders the stele of a dicot root?
- Endodermis
- Which tissue comprise the stele?
- Vascular tissue
- What is the function of the vascular cambium?
- Producing secondary xylem and phloem
- What term is used to describe the bands of fatty substances that are found on the inner surfaces of the endodermal cell walls?
- Suberin or casparian strips
- Is a pith present in all roots?
- No
- What roots is a pith present in?
- Monocot
- As lateral roots develop inside a primary root, through which tissues must they grow to reach the surface?
- The endodermis (next to the pericycle from which its formed) and the cortec and epidermis
- From which tissue do lateral roots arise?
- Pericycle
- B/w which tissues is the vascular cambium located?
- primary xylem and primary phloem
- Which tissues of stems are not present in dicot roots?
- Pith
- In which tissue are root hairs to be found?
- Epidermal
- Which tissue is immediately adjacent to the endodermis on the side toward the center?
- Pericycle
- In which region of the root does differntiation of cells into various cell types take place?
- Maturation
- What is present in cells of the cortex the gives evidence of its function as a food-storage tissue?
- Extensive tissue e/ starch grain
- Of what fatty substance are Casparian strips composed?
- Suberin
- What tissue produces cells that add to the girth (diameter) of the root?
- Vascular cambium
- What water-conducting tissue is present in the center of a dicot root?
- Primary xylem
- What protects the buds of dormant twigs?
- Bud scales
- What are bundle scars?
- Small scar left by a vascular bundle w/ in a leaf scar when the leaf separates from its stem through abscission
- Where are axillary buds located?
- In the axil
- What structures are associated with gas exchange are found throughout stem internodes?
- Lenticel
- What is the difference b/w bud scale scar and leaf scar
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Bud scale-terminal buds leave these scars when they fall off in spring, used to tell age
Leaf scar-left on twig when leaf separates from it - Which tissue separates cortex from pith in an older alfalfa stem? What is the function of this tissue?
- Vascular cambium, create secondary xylem and phloem
- What is the primary function of the cortex and pith?
- storing food and sometimes manufactoring it
- Which tissue conducts water and minerals in solution?
- Xylem
- Which two tissues are produced by the cork cambium
- Cork and phelloderm
- Which two tissues are produced by the vascular cambium?
- Secondary xylem and phloem
- In which tissues of the linden (basswood) stem are fiber cells conspicuous?
- Phloem
- Of what kinds of cells is an snnual ring of xylem composed?
- vessels and tracheids
- What is the term applied to stem parenchyma tissue that is not separated into cortex and pith?
- Fundamental tissue
- What are the small bumps of parenchyma tissue on the surface of the internodes called?
- Lenticels
- How is a bundle scar formed?
- When terminal buds fall off in spring
- What is the function of the lenticel?
- Gas exchange
- Which of the stems in this exercise has the most complex phloem?
- basswood
- In addition to cork, what tissue is usually produced by the cork cambium?
- Phelloderm
- How are the vascular bundles arranged in a monocot stem?
- Scattered throughout the stem
- Which of the stems featured in this lab is/are not dicot?
- Corn
- How does a compound leaf differ from a simple leaf?
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Compound-divided into various leaflets
Simple-single blade - What fatty of waxy subtance present on the outer walls of leaf epidermal cells is pften lost in the preparation of slides?
- Cuticle
- When you view a cross section of a lead with the upper epidermis at the top, where is the phloem located in a vien?
- Lower section
- Which of the larger organelles are most abundant in palisade mesophyll cell?
- Chloroplasts
- What specific tissue marks the outer boundary of transfusion tissue in a pine leaf?
- Endodermis
- Which tissue lies b/w the epidermis and the endodermis in a pine leaf?
- Mesophyll
- Where are the resin canals located in a pine leaf?
- In the mesophyll
- What is the function of resin canals?
- Serve as tubular duct secreting resin
- What are sunken stomata?
- Stomata that are sunken or pushed into the epidermis
- With which types of plants are sunken stomata associated with?
- Desert plants and pines
- What is the function of the hypodermis?
- Gives support and rigidity to the pine leaf and some protection
- Where is the hypodermis located?
- Beneath the epidermis
- Aprat from shape and size, how do guard cells differ from the epidermal cells that surround them?
- Contain chloroplasts
- What are stipules?
- Pair of leaflike, scale-like, or thorn-like appendages
- What is the fatty or waxy substance that coats a leaf epidermis called?
- Cuticle
- What tissue composed of thick-walled cells is found just beneath the epidermis of a pine?
- Hypodermis
- In prepared slides of lilac leaves, why are some veins visible in cross sections while others are visible in longitudinal section?
- B/c veins run in various directions and at various angles
- Which tissue of pine leaves differs from that of lilac leaves in its not being divided into two distinguishable layers?
- Mesophyll
- Of what two tissues are leaf viens primarily composed?
- Xylem and phloem
- Where are stomata generally most abundant in the majority of leaves?
- Lower epidermis
- Which layer of mesophyll is closest to the upper epidermis of a leaf?
- palisade
- In which kind of lead would you expect to find resin canals?
- Pine leaves
- The two cells that form and surround a stoma are known as what?
- Guard cells
- The two cells that form and surround a stoma are known as what?
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Guard cells
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The two cells that form and surround a stoma are known as what?
- Guard cells
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