EPPP REVIEW #2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- sensory memory
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representation of an external stimulus after the stimulus has ended
believed to be unprocessed copies of the original stimuli which briefly reside in the sensory organs
unlimited capacity but a very short duration (no more than 2 or 3 seconds) - Prochaska and DiClemente five stages in the change process
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precontemplation- when the person has little insight that there is a need for change
contemplation- the person is aware of and considering the need for change, but has not committed to it
preparation - indication of the person's clear intent to take action in the future. action- is the fourth stage Maintenance - consolidates the change and takes steps to prevent the relapse - Homoscedasticity
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even scatter around the regression line
good! - Solomon four-group design
- true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not
- presbyopia
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ability of our eyes to focus on objects declines due to a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye
typically increases the near point (the shortest distance at which we can focus) from four inches at 20 years of age to about four feet at 60 years of age - cingulate cortex
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part of the limbic system
believed to play an excitatory role in emotions and in motivating behaviors satisfaction center – mediating feelings of satisfaction following eating and sex - coefficient of determination
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calculated by squaring a correlation coefficient
the proportion of variability in one variable that is accounted for by variability in another variable - insecure/avoidant attachment
- babies with this type of pattern often had mothers who were either very impatient and nonresponsive, or alternatively overstimulating
- point-biserial coefficient
- used when a dichotomous variable (e.g., gender) is correlated with continuous variable (e.g., IQ score)
- biserial coefficient
- correlate an artificial dichotomy with a continuous variable
- Vroom and Yetton's normative model
- provides a "decision tree" to help a leader determine whether an autocratic, consultative, or consensual decision-making approach is best given the nature of the work situation
- Cross's (1991) Black Racial (Nigresence) Identity Development Model
- Pre-encounter in which whites are seen as the ideal, while African Americans are denigrated. The second stage or Encounter stage leads to an interest in developing an African-American identity and a preference for a therapist of one's own race. The third stage (Immersion/Emersion) involves a struggle between old and emerging ideas about race. There is an initial idealization of African-Americans and a denigrating of whites. Toward the end of this stage the person becomes less emotionally immersed and moves toward internalization of a new identity. In the fourth and final stage (Internalization/Commitment), the individual adopts an African-American world view
- discriminative stimulus
- cue indicating some contingency (reinforcement or punishment) will occur if a particular behavior is emitted
- vision/occipital lobes
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peripheral vision = processed in the anterior occipital lobe
Central vision = processed in the posterior occipital lobe - Ouchi’s Theory Z
- organizational management philosophy that incorporates aspects from traditional American (Theory A) and Japanese (Theory J) management philosophies. The theory represents a middle ground, for example, emphasizing long-term employment versus short-term or lifelong and a moderately specialized career path instead of specialized or nonspecialized
- Edgar Schein- career anchor
- A person’s career anchor is his or her self-concept consisting of self-perceived talents and abilities, basic values, motives, and needs as they pertain to the career. Schein says that people are primarily motivated by one of eight anchors — priorities that define how they see themselves and how they see their work
- Bass- transformational leadership- four interrelated components
- D. Bass (1985) suggested that transformational leadership contains the interrelated components of idealized or charisma influence (attributed or behavioral), inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. In truly transformational leadership, high morals and ethical standards characterize charismatic or idealized influence. In research by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman and Fetter (1990), trust was found to be the single most important variable moderating the effects of transformational leadership on the performance, attitudes, and satisfaction of the followers. Inspirational motivation (b.) provides followers with meaning and challenges for engaging in undertakings and shared goals. Intellectual stimulation (a.) helps followers to question assumptions and to generate more creative solutions to problems. Individual consideration (c.) treats each follower as an individual and provides coaching, mentoring and growth opportunities.
- eta
- correlational coefficient used for non-linear, or curvilinear, relationships
- Miller-Tiedeman and Tiedeman’s Decision Making Model
- defined personal authoritative reality as what feels right to the individual and common reality as what the individual is told they should do
- Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- lesions in the amygdala and characterized by reduced fear and aggression, increased acquiescence, and hypersexuality
- Solomon, Pyszczynski, and Greenberg’s terror management theory
- individuals utilize two things to manage the terror associated with the fear of death: a cultural worldview and self-esteem
- "low-LPC" leaders
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most effective in very favorable and very unfavorable situations
task oriented - method of loci
- pair images of objects you want to remember with places you are familiar with
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Driver, Broussseau, and Hunsaker
decision-making styles - The five types are: Decisive, Flexible, Hierarchic, Integrative, and Systemic. The Decisive is fast, efficient, and relies on a minimal amount of information (i.e., a satisficer) and a single solution. The Flexible decision-maker also moves fast and is a satisficer, but is willing to adapt and change solutions if indicated. Hierarchics rely on a lot of information (i.e., are maximizers) but stay rigidly focused on a single solution. The Integrative decision-maker relies on a lot of information (i.e., a maximizer) but pursues multiple solutions. Systemics keep their eyes on the "big picture," rely on maximum information (i.e., a maximizer), and develop a prioritized set of strategies for dealing with a situation, rather than a single solution or a collection of alternative plans.
- Structural equation modeling
- multivariate technique used to evaluate the causal (predictive) influences or test causal hypotheses about the relationships among a set of factors.
- kappa statistic
- used to evaluate inter-rater reliability, or the consistency of ratings assigned by two raters, when data are nominal or ordinal
- The Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude
- 12 subtests and was specifically developed and standardized for deaf and hearing impaired children between the ages of 3 and 16
- overlearning
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practicing or rehearsing beyond the level of mastery
most effective for simple tasks that must be remembered for a long period of time - identical elements
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thorndike
transfer of training
similarities in the learning and performance environments ("identical elements") resulted in better transfer -
Donald Super
vocational development -
individuals choose occupations that are consistent with their self-concept, which develops in a predictable sequence of stages
Job satisfaction and life satisfaction are both a function of the degree to which one's activities are consistent with the self-concept - item characteristic curve
- associated with item response theory, are graphs that depict individual test items in terms of the percentage of individuals in different ability groups who answered the item correctly
- Lewin's field theory
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behavior is a function of the relationship between a person and his or her environment
B = f(P,E) where B is behavior, P is the person, and E is the environment - Gregory Herek
- sexual prejudice
- prognosis for autism?
- early language skills and overall intellectual level
- sue and sue 1991 study on ethnic matching
- improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for Asian-American and Mexican-American clients but has less of an effect on these variables for African-American clients
- eta squared
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amount of variability accounted for
used as an index of effect size -
The Racial Identity Attitude Scale
Helms and Parham (1996), assess the stages of African-American racial identity development -
pre-encounter
encounter
immersion-emersion
internalization - Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Minority Identity Development Model
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conformity
dissonance
resistance and immersion introspection
articulation and awareness - Berry's Acculturation model
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separation, marginalization, assimilation, and integration
independent dimensions, rather than stages - Fusion
- a term used by Bowen, refers to an inability to separate intellectual from emotional functioning, or an inability to separate one's own thoughts and feelings from those of other family members
- Triangulation
- a situation in which another family member is brought into a conflict that actually exists only between two members, such as when two parents constantly try to get their child to take their side in a conflict the parents are having with each other
- coalition
- an alliance of two family members against a third. According to Minuchin, dysfunctional families are sometimes characterized by stable coalitions of a parent and a child against the other parent
- R2
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coefficient of multiple determination
correlation coefficient like the Pearson r. However, uppercase "R" is a multiple correlation coefficient, which is used when there are multiple predictors - just noticeable difference (or difference threshold)
- the smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can be recognized as a difference. Although just noticeable differences are considered to represent psychologically equal units, their corresponding physical differences are unequal
- House's path-goal theory
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predicts that leaders will be most successful when they show followers the path for achieving goals
a contingency theory, that proposes that the best leadership style depends on certain characteristics of the situation - cryptomnesia
- a person perceives the recovery of information from memory as being an original idea of their own
- Source amnesia
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episodic memory disorder where source or contextual information surrounding facts are severely distorted and/or unable to be recalled
An individual remembers some factual information, yet forgets the contextual information related to the fact such as when, where, and with whom the fact was learned - Item response theory
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highly technical mathematical approach to item analysis
assumptions, known as invariance of item parameters, holds that the characteristics of items should be the same for all theoretically equivalent groups of subjects chosen from the same population. Thus, any culture-free test should demonstrate such invariance; i.e., a set of items shouldn't have a different set of characteristics for minority and non-minority subgroups
theoretical basis of computer adaptive assessment, in which tests tailored to the examinee's ability level are computer generated
items measure a latent trait, such as intelligence or general ability
assumptions of item response theory only hold true for very large samples - seretonin/eating behaviors
- High levels of serotonin have been linked to both appetite suppression and anxiety while low levels have been linked to depression and appear to contribute to binge eating