Psych 223 Ch.11
Terms
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- Primary (or basic) emotions
- set of emotions present at birth or emerging early in the first year that some theorists believe to be biologically programmed`
- Secondary (or complex) emotions
- self-conscious or self-evaluative emotions that emerge in the second year and depend, in part, on cognitive development.
- Emotional display rules
- culturally defined rules specifying which emotions should or should not be expressed under which circumstances
- Social referencing
- use of others\' emotional expressions to infer the meaning of otherwise ambiguous situations
- Empathy
- ability to experience the same emotions that someone else is experiencing.
- phase of indiscriminate attachment
- period between 6 weeks and 6 -7 months of age where infants prefer social to nonsocial stimulation and are likely to protest when any adult puts them down or leaves them alone.
- phase of specific attachement
- period between 7 and 9 months of age when infants are attached to one close companion (usually the mother).
- secure base
- infant\'s use of a caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment and to which to return for emotional support
- phase of multiple attachements
- period when infants form attachements to companions other than their primary attachement object
- secondary reinforcer
- initially neutral stimulus that acquires reinforcement value by virtue of its repeated association with other reinforcing stimuli
- to form a relationship...
- infants must have object permenance
- imprinting
- innate or instinctual form of learning in which the young of certain species follow and become attached to moving objects (usually their mother)
- preadapted characteristics
- innate attribute that is a product of evolution and serves some function that increases the chances of survival for the individual and the species
- kewpie doll effect
- notion that infantile facial features are perceived as cute and lovable and elicit favourable responses from others
- stranger anxiety
- wary or fretful reaction that infants and toddlers often display when approached by an unfamiliar person
- separation anxiety
- wary or fretful reaction that infants and toddlers often display when separated from the people to whom they are attached
- strange situation
- series of eight separation and reunion episodes to which infants are exposed in order to determine the quality fo their attachements.
- secure attachement
- infant-caregiver bond in which the child welcomes contact with a close companion and uses this person as a secure base from which to explore the environment
- resistant attachment
- insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by strong separation protest and a tendency of the child to avoid or ignore the caregiver.
- avoidant attachment
- insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by little separation protest and a tendency of the child to avoid or ignore the caregiver.
- disorganized/disoriented attachement
- insecure infant-caregiver bond, characterized by the infant\'s dazed appearance on reunion or a tendency to first seek and then abruptly avoid the caregiver
- attachment Q-set (AQS)
- alternative method of assessing attachment security that is based on observing the child\'s attachment-related behaviours at home; can be used with infants, toddlers, and preschool children.
- amae
- Japanese concept; refers to an infant\'s feeling of total dependence on his or her mother and the presumption of mother\'s love and indulgence
- caregiving hypothesis
- Ainsworth\'s notion that the type of attachment that an infant develops with a particular caregiver depends primarily on the kind of caregiving he or she has received from that person
- tempermental hypothesis
- Kagan\'s view that the strange situation measures individual differences in infants temperaments rather than the quality of their attachments
- Internal working models
- cognitive representation of self, others, and relationships that infants construct from their interactions with caregivers
- reactive attachment disorder
- inability to form secure attachment bonds with other people; characterizes many victims of early social deprivation and/or abuse.
- maternal deprivation hypthesis
- notion that socially deprived infants develop abnormally because they have failed to establish attachments to a primary caregiver
- social situation hypothesis
- notion that socially deprived infants develop abnormally because they have had little contact with companions who respond contingently to their social overtures.
- learned hypothesis
- failure to lean how to respond appropriately in a situation because of previous exposure to uncontrollable events in the same or similar situations
- emotional self-regulation
- strategies for managing emotions or adjusting emotional arousal to an appropriate level of intensity
- temperament
- person\'s characteristic modes of responding emotionally and behaviourally to environmental events, including such attributes as activity level, irritability, fearfulness, and sociability
- behavioural inhibition
- temperamental attribute reflecting one\'s tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar people or situations
- easy temperament
- temperamental profile in which the child quickly establishes regular routines, is generally good-natured, and adapts easily to novelty.
- difficult temperament
- temperamental profile in which the child is irregular in daily routines and adapts slowly to new experiences, often responding negatively and intensely
- slow-to-warm-up temperament
- temperamental profile in which the child is inactive and moody and displays mild passive resistance to new routines and experiences
- \"goodness of fit\" model
- Thomas and Chess\'s notion that development is likely to be optimized when parents\' child-rearing practices are sensitively adapted to the child\'s temperamental characteristics
- attachment
- close emotional relationship between two people, characterized by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity
- synchronized routines
- generally harmonious interactions between two people where they adjust their behaviour in response to each other\'s actions.
- asocial phase (of attachment)
- approximately the first 6 weeks of life, in which infants respond in an equally favourable way to interesting social and nonsocial stimuli