Pharm final
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- What is the definition of a seizure?
- Involuntary, uncontrolled disturbance of the brain usually manifested by uncontrolled muscular activity. May be partial or general (the whole brain).
- What are signs of seizures?
- Loss or derangement of consciousness, loss of or excess muscle tome movement, alteration of sensation, changes in teh autonomic nervous system, behavioral changes.
- What are three characteristics of seizures?
- They are sterotypic (similar each time), unprecipitated (no obvious trigger) and cease spontaneously.
- What is the definiton of epilepsy?
- A general term meaning recurrent seizures, especially if underlying cause is not identified.
- What needs to be ruled out before a seizure is diagnosed as epilepsy?
- All other causes for a seizure.
- What may be some other causes for a seizure besides epilepsy?
- toxicity (strychnine, lead, antifreeze, organophosphate), acute encephalitis or meningitis (infections), hydrocephalus, brain tumor, hypogylcemia, hyperthermis, acute cranial trauma and other (rabies, hepatic encephalopathy)
- What is primary epilepsy diagnosed on?
- Normal history, PE, neuro exam, CBC, serum chemistry. Possible CSF tap, EEG, Catscan.
- What are the four stages of an epileptic seizure?
- Preictal (aura), Ictus, Post Ictal and Interictal period.
- What is the Preictal (aura) stage?
- Unusual behavior before the seizure. May include pacing, licking, salivating, barking. Can last minutes to hours.
- What is the Ictus stage.
- The actual seizure, lasts seconds to minutes.
- What are the most common signs seen in dogs with epilepsy?
- Loss of consciousness, collapse. Rigidity, paddling, jaw movement. viocalization, salivation, incontinence.
- What is the Post ictal stage?
- Disorientation and fatigue following seizure. Can include unusual behavior or neurological deficits, including temporary blindness.
- What is the Interictal period stage?
- Between seizures.
- Which breed are more predisposed to seizures?
- Dalmations, St. Bernards, Irish Setters, Poodles, Beagles, Cocker spaniels, Labs, Golden retrievers, Malamutes, Huskies
- What is the definition of status epilepticus?
- Multiple seizures with little or no rest between. One episode may last 15-30 minutes. It's a medical emergency!
- What can occur because of status epilepticus?
- Can be fatal due to Hypoxia and hyperthermia.
- How do you treat status epilepticus?
- IV diazepam first. Pentopbarbitol may be given if diazepam is unsuccessful. Control hyperthermia. Treat specific cause if known.
- How do you control/treat epilepsy?
- Control primary cause if known. Control seizures with anticonvulsants if seizures are long or frequent.
- What's the recommended way of administering epileptic drugs?
- Divide the daily dose into TID or QID - it gives optimum blood levels. You can give the higher amounts at night when most seizures occur.
- What time of day do most seizures occur?
- At night.
- What drug therapies are used for dogs with seizures?
- Phenobarbital, bromaide, primidone (Mylepsin -R), diazepam (Valium -R).
- What's the drug of choice for seizures in dogs?
- phenobarbital
- What class of drug is phenobarbital?
- Class IV
- What needs to be monitored when using phenobarbital?
- Liver values.
- What drug drug is converted to phenobarbital in the body?
- primidone (Mylepsin-R)
- What drug is used for seizures in cats, but doesn't have the same effect in dogs?
- diazepam (Valium-R). Little ability to prevent seizures in dogs, but is used as a treatment.
- What drugs are used to treat seizures in cats?
- phenobarbital (Luminal-R, solfoton-R) and diazepam (Valium-R).
- What's the drug of choice for treating cats with seizurs?
- phenobarbital (Luminal-R, Solfoton-R).
- Trade name for primidone?
- Mylepsin-R
- Generic name for Mylesin-R?
- primidone
- Trade name for diazepam?
- Valium-R
- Generic name for Valium-R.
- diazepam
- Trade name for phenobarbital.
- Luminal-R, Solfoton-R
- Generic name for Luminal-R.
- phenobarbital
- Generic name for Solfoton-R.
- phenobarbital
- Drug contraindications to seizure drugs.
- Antihistamines, phenothiazine tranquilizers and antiemetics (they all depress the CNS).
- What are two drugs that are used for behavior therapy?
- clomipramine (Clomicalm-R), selegiline (Anipryl-R)
- What is clomipramine (Clomicalm-R)?
- A tricyclic antidepressnat- increases serotonin and norepinephrin (neurotransmitters) levels in the brain.
- What does clomipramine (Clomicalm-R) do?
- Releives anxiety and enhances learning efficiency. Also used for obsessive behaviors, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, hypervocalization and urine marking.
- Trade name for clomipramine.
- Clomicalm-R
- Generic name for Clomicalm-R.
- Clomipramine.
- What is selegiline (Anipryl-R)?
- A MOA-B inhibitor - increases dopamine (neurotransmitter) levels to the brain.
- What is selegiline (Anipryl-R) used for?
- The treat canine cognitive dysfunction (senility) and clinical signs of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
- Trade name for selegiline.
- Anipryl-R
- Generic name for Anipryl-R.
- selegiline
- What is oxyglobin used for?
- A dark purple oxygen-carrying fliud given IV for anemia. A substitute for blood transfusion.
- How often can you give oxyglobin?
- Once.
- How long does it take oxyglobin to clear the body?
- 4-9 days.
- What are some adverse side effects to oxyglobin?
- Cardiac, respiratory and gastrointestinal effects, anaphylactic shock and death.
- What is oxyglobin (made up of)?
- It's a Modified Lactated Ringer's solution containing polymerized bovine hemoglobin.
- What is oxyglobin labeled for use in?
- Dogs.