F2006 ARGOSY INTRO TO NEUROPSYCH
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- What are four latin-based neuroanatomical terms indicating "up", "down", "front", "back"
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Superior = up (towards head)
Inferior = down(towards feet)
Anterior = front(chest)
Posterior = back - What are the four orientation names which *shift direction* above the midbrain in humans?
- Rostral, Caudal, Ventral, Dorsal
- Why do the Greek-based names shift direction above the midbrain in humans?
- In humans, the brain makes a 90-degree bend to allow eyes to face forward while walking upright. (Lizards don't need this!)
- Name the three "anatomical planes of section" (or planes of dissection).
- Coronal, Sagital, Horizontal (also called "axial", "transverse")
- The Horizontal section is ________ to the floor when you are standing upright
- Parallel (in the same plane as the floor ). Cuts in the same direction as a guillotine!
- You can remember the "Sagittal" plane of section because the "Sagittarius" constellation represents an ____________.
- Archer. So when you picture yourself holding a bow and arrow, that's the "Sagittal Plane". So the "mid-sagittal" plane cuts the brain cuts the brain into left and right hemispheres.
- The coronal plane is so called because a t_ _ _ _ (type of crown) worn on the head forms the same plane.
- Tiara. So the coronal plane is parallel to the front of the face.
- "Parasagital" means _______
- A sagittal plane which is just off the midline (i.e., doesn't exactly cut the brain into left and right halves).
- **The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: The peripheral nervous system and the _________.
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- **The central nervous system consists of the _________ and __________ cord, and develops during development out of cells that form the _______ tube.
- Brain, Spinal Cord. Neural Tube.
- **The upper neural tube gradually forms various bulges which develop into the brain, while the lower part forms the spinal cord. The fluid-filled space within the neural tube itself develops into fluid-filled spaces within the brain called the v_______,
- Ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid.
- Together, the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to as the ___________, which is the most evolutionarily ancient part of the brain.
- Brain stem. If you recall the brain model in class, the main part of the brain (Forebrain) sits like a huge cauliflower on top of the stalk-like midbrain.
- **The part of the brain that sits like a cauliflower on the "stalk" of the midbrain is called the F_ _ _BRAIN (no spaces in this word).
- Forebrain
- **The forebrain has two main divisions, which you can remember by recalling that one part contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the other part contains everything else above it.
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1) Diencephalon ("two brains" = thalamus, hypothalamus)
2) Telencephalon ("top" or "end" brain)--includes structures like basal ganglia, cortex, white matter, etc. - **The peripheral nervous system consists of ______, _______, _________ and _______, and ___________
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Cranial nerves + ganglia; Spinal nerves + ganglia; sympathetic + parasympathetic;
Enteric nervous system - A "ganglion" is simply a collection of ____________. Unlike a "nucleus", it located in the p_________ nervous system rather than the central nervous system.
- nerve cells (neuron cell bodies); peripheral. For example, there is a cranial nerve ganglion which controls aspects of eye-movement. Cranial nerves typically are attached to ganglia located in the brain stem.
- Cranial nerves are typically attached to ganglia located in the ________ ________.
- Brain stem
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A neuron typically consists of a _______ ______ with nucleus, a thread-like structure which typically collects input called a ________, and an output structure called an _______.
The input and output structures are like "wires", which may - Cell body, axon, dentrite.
- "White matter" typically consists of ________ covered with insulation called ________. In effect, white matter are "wires" connecting different parts of the brain.
- Axons, myelin.
- Communication between neurons typically takes place at s___________.
- Synapses
- **Two general types of synapses exist. They are _________ and ___________. The __________ type is probably the most common.
- Chemical (uses neurotransmitters) and electrical (direct electrical coupling between neurons). Chemical is most common.
- "Gray matter" consists primarily of _______ bodies. Synapses are also usually gray matter.
- Cell bodies (appear gray because they are not covered with fatty, white myelin sheath).
- Dopamine, seratonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, GABA, Glutamate, Histamine, Glycine, peptides are all examples of _______________ and are found at synapses.
- Neurotransmitters.
- **"Afferent" nerve fibers carry impulses (away/towards) a structure?
- towards. Thus sensory nerves are usually "afferent", because they carry information towards the brain.
- **"Efferent" nerve fibers carry impulses (away/towards a structure)?
- Away. (Efferent = "exit"). Thus, motor fibers are usually "efferent".
- **A collection of nerve fibers (usually myelinated nerve fibers) is called by several different names. Name two.
- Possibilities are: Tract, fascicle (or fasciculus), lemniscus, or bundle.
- **A white matter pathway that connects identical structures on both sides of the brain is called a c__________.
- Commissure. Two main commisures: anterior, posterior. In addition, the corpus callosum is a massive fiber tract connecting the two halves of the brain.
- **In the spinal cord, d_______ nerve roots convey mainly sensory information into the spinal cord, while v_______ nerve roots convey mainly motor information out of the spinal cord to muscles, etc.
- dorsal, ventral
- **The sympathetic nervous system controls mainly "Flight or fight" responses, and releases the neurotransmitter ____________. It arises from the lower part of the spinal cord.
- norepinephrine.
- **The parasympathetic nervous system is generally involved with sedentary/conservation activities (e.g., digestion) and is associated with the neurotransmitter ___________. It arises from the upper part of the spinal cord and cranial nerves.
- acetylcholine.
- "Bumps" or ridges in the cerebral cortex are called ______________. The crevices or folds are called __________________.
- Gyri (singular = "gyrus"), Sulci (singular = "sulcus")
- The brain becomes phylogentically more ancient (and less easily damaged by injury) as you move in which direction?
- In a caudal direction (or inferior, down, towards the bottom)
- Name three mnemonic/organizational principles regarding neuroanatomy mentioned in lecture.
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Possible answers: 1) "proximity" (structures close together tend to have similar function and are wired together).
2) Incorporation or"cannibalization" (the function of older structures is often incorporated into newer, more complex structures).
3) - Name the three parts of the brain stem, in correct order from caudal to rostral.
- Medulla, pons, midbrain.
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Sitting on the top of the brain-stem (back of neck, ventral) like a “hat†is the
______________, a structure which looks a bit like a cauliflower and is involved in motor control. - Cerebellum
- What structure forms the roof of the fourth ventricle? HINT: It is involved in motor control, and has two hemispheres.
- Cerebellum
- Name a prototypical function of the medulla, mentioned in lecture.
- Regulation of vital functions, such as respiration, blood pressure, etc.
- What ventricle is associated with the medulla (at least in part).
- Fourth ventricle.
- Where is most cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)manufactured (two word answer, not "lateral ventricles").
- The *chorid plexes* (plurual) which line the lateral ventricals.
- As we proceed further rostrally from the medulla (towards the head), we next encounter a structure known as the ________.
- Pons.
- On the ventral side of the pons is a large bulge which contains fiber tracts from the cerebellum. This bulge is referred to as the c______ c______ or (alternativeLY the c_________ p_________
- "Crus Cerebri" or "cerebral peduncles"
- Climbing higher (rostrally) from the pons, we come to the next structure, which looks like a relatively thin “stalk†is called the _________.
- Midbrain
- The midbrain seems to connect the stalk-like brain stem to the main part of the brain, which sits like a huge cauliflower on the stalk. The huge califlower (includes basal banglia, thalamus, cortex, corona radiata, etc) as a whole is referred to as the _
- Forebrain.
- The forebrain consists of two major subdivisions. HINT: They both have "encephalon" in the name
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1) "Diencephalon"--means "two brains" (consists of thalamus, hypothalamus) and
2) "Telencelphalon" -- means "top" or "end" brain(consist of everyting else in the forebrain). - The stalk-like structure described above contains some funny bumps on the dorsal (back of the neck) side, called the superior ___________ and the inferior _____________. The large, top set of bumps is related _______ functioning (a type of sensory inform
- Superior, Inferior, Vision, Hearing.
- The midbrain contains which part of the ventricular system?
- "Cerebral acquaduct" or "Aquaduct of Sylvius"