BIO 360/NBB 301 Final
Terms
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- Voltage-gated K+ channel
-
4 S.U.(6 MSD) S1-S6
S4 voltage sensor (+) opens during depolarization
S5-S6 loop, lines pore-selectivity filter - Activates Protein Kinase C
- Ca+,DAG
- PLC
- PLC = Phospholipase C; splits lipids, cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3
- synaptotagmin
- Binds Calcium and stimulates exocytosis of vesicle contents (example of V-SNARE), Calcium sensor
- repolarization of AP
-
1) inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels
2) Opening of delayed rectifiers – voltage-gated K+ channels - NMDA
-
high g
late EPSP
req. glycine as cof.
Mg++ block - PKA
-
protein kinase A
2 reg. S.U. 2 inactive catalytic S.U.
4 cAMP mol. (2 each) to activate
targets spec. AA on proteins and phos. to modify(in. or de. activity) - cAMP
- second messenger produced by enzyme adenyl cyclase
- metabotropic
- G-protein meditated indirect ion channel gating
- kinesin
- molecular motor responsible for movement of vesicles to nerve terminal, walks on microtubules
-
long range
vs.
short range
cues for axon -
netrins = l.r.
semaphorins = s.r.
? = s.r. - CNS macroglia
- astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
- principle of dynamic polariztion
- uni-directional flow (AP)
- spines
- knobby appendage on dendrite
- netrin
- chemoattractive element for axon extension, l.r.
- cadherins
- cell surface protein? - grow this way
- ephrin
- cell surface protein? - grow away
- semaphorin
- chemorepulsive element for axon extension, s.r.
- Roger Sperry
- frog eye experiment - axonal pathfinding
- Na/K Pump
-
Uses transmembrane proteins
ATP dependent
2 K+ in/ 3 Na+ out
restores [] gradient - microglia
- immune system derived, role in infection and injury
- oligodendrocyte
- myelinate axons of the CNS. Also support the neuronal cell body in the gray matter - multiple axons
- schwann cells
- myelinate axons of the PNS - single axons
- astrocyte
-
Support role
Role in blood brain barrier
May bring nutrients to neurons
Maintain proper ion balance - axonal pathfinding
-
1) ECM adhesion - Collagen, Laminins
2) cell surface adhesion
3) fasiculation (pioneer neuron) - cadherin
4) chemoattraction - netrins
5) contact inhibition
6) chemorepulsion - semaphorins - Chemotropism
- movement caused by chemical factors. Long-range signals are soluble factors released by intermediate targets
- Voltage-gated Na+ channel
-
4 S.U. 6 MSD
S1?-S6
S5-S6 selectivity pore
S4 voltage sensor - Voltage-gated Ca++ channel
-
4 S.U. 6 MSD
S1?-S6
S5-S6 selectivity pore
S4 voltage sensor - equation
- V=IR
- TTX, TEA
- V-d Na+, V-d K+
- gap junction
- made up of connexins
- v-SNARE
- vesicle-SNARE, VAMP
- t-SNARE
- transmembrane-SNARE, syntaxin + SNAP-25
- SNARE hypothesis
- v+tSNARES hold vesicle to presynaptic membrane, held until Ca++ influx signals release, two cytoplasmic proteins SNAP and NSF hydrolyze ATP to uncouple
- SNARE uncoupler
- SNAP and NSF
- ionotropic
-
direct ion channel gating
AMPA, NMDA - noradrenergic system
-
Locus Coeruleus
‘vigilance and responsiveness to unexpected stimuli’ - Serotonergic System
-
Raphe Nuclei
‘sleep/waking, cortical responsiveness’ - Dopaminergic cell groups
-
A9 Substantia Nigra
A10 Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
‘Emotion, Memory Storage’ (mostly reward based memory) - Cholinergic System
-
Basal Forebrain
‘sleep/wake cycle, learning’ - dermatome
- The area of skin innervated by a single dorsal root
- Meissner's corpuscle
-
superficial
small RF
R.A. - Merkel cell
-
superficial
small RF
S.A. - Pacinian corpuscle
-
deep
large RF
R.A. - Ruffini ending
-
deep
large RF
S.A. - spectrin
- protein that links cytoskeleton to stretch sensitive cation channels(Na+, Ca++) which influx depo. and produce receptor potential
- muscle spindle
- in skeletal muscle signals muscle length and the speed at which the muscle is stretched
- rhodopsin
-
photopigment in the outer segments of both photoreceptors, changes config. w/ light
made up of protein opsin, and light sens. retinal in 7 MSD - Photoelectric transduction (light voltage change)
-
-Stimulation of the chromophore by light
-reduces the concentration of cGMP in the cytoplasm
-hyperpolarizes photoreceptor by closing cation channels
-decreases transmitter released by the photoreceptor - primary somatic sensory cortex
-
S1
Brodmann's 1,2,3a,3b - posterior parietal cortex
- Brodmann's 5,7
- secondary somatic sensory cortex
- S2
- primary visual cortex
-
area 17
LGN term. in layer 4 mostly
spiny stellate, pyramidal w/ spines = ex.
smooth stellate = in. - M cells
-
ventral 1,2 LGN
luminance contrast
temporal frequency - P cells
-
dorsal 3,4,5,6 LGN
color contrast
spatial frequency - mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)
- signals from it activate spinal locomotor system relayed via neurons in the medial reticular formation (MRF)
- superior colliculus
- contributes to visually guided eye movements
- pretectal area
- important for pupillary reflexes
- lateral geniculate nucleus
- and from there to the visual cortex, processes visual information for perception
- glutamate
-
main ex. NT
Na+,K+,Ca++ - GABA
-
main in. ionotropic NT, or glycine
Cl- - non-NMDA
-
low g
early EPSP - medial descending pathway
-
posture- visual, vestibular, somatosensory
-vestibulo spinal(m,l)
-reticulo spinal(m.l)
-tectospinal - lateral descending pathway
-
distal limbs- goal directed
-rubrospinal(cortico in humans) - primary motor cortex
- brodmann 4
- premotor cortex
- brodmann 6
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- in sarcolemma, release Ca++