Definitions H
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Hachinski Ischemia Scale
- A scale for assessing risk factors, clinical signs, and historical variables associated with cerebrovascular disease
- Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
- Rare hereditary (autosomal recessive)degenerative disorder characterized by marked reduction in myelin sheath in globus pallidus and substantia nigra leading to accumulation of iron pigment, leg rigidity, choreoathetoid movements, dysarthria, and progressive emotional and mental deterioration, dementia, visual spatial impairments. Most die before 30.
- Halstead Category Test
- Test originally developed as a measure of frontal lobe function, but sensitive to a variety of lesions and deficits. Test of abstraction and visual problem solving requiring subject to determine correct principle and use corrective feedback. Final subtest taps memory for previously presented items.
- Halstead Impairment Index
- This is a cut off score or summary value with 0.5 or higher suggestive of brain impairment. Strong psychometric concerns with the use of the index alone - not advisable.
- Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB)
- A battery of tests developed to detect brain injury. Halstead collected the tests, Reitan standardized the battery. Very important in the history of Npsych.
- Hamartoma
- abnormal tissue resembles a neoplasm but no abnormal growth rate
- Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
- measure of depression filled out by observer or interviewer
- Handedness
- preference for one hand over other - indirect measure of cerebral language dominance
- Handicap
- WHO definitions important for rehab psychologists - handicap occurs when a disability prevents fulfillment of expected social roles
- Haptic Intelligence Scale for adult blind (HIS)
- nonverbal intelligence test- modified Wechsler PIQ subtests plus additional subtests for blind individuals.
- Head Injury
- Nonspecific term. Better to include more specific terms - mild, moderate, severe, open, closed
- Heavy Metal Poisoning
- Too much Ozzy listening. Just kidding - making sure you are paying attention. Real answer is poisoning from metals - lead is a frequent culprit - especially in children.
- Hebb's Recurring Digit Test
- Learning task using repeated digit sequences to assess how quickly patient can learn - similar to Corsi block tapping test.
- Hemangioma
- vascular malformation that resembles a neoplasm - also called cavernous angioma
- Hematoma
- circumscribed or localized area of blood vessel leakage or bleeding.
- Hematoma Epidural
- collection of blood between skull and dura. Common in skull fractures. Rapidly expand and very dangerous need acute surgical attention. On CT remember that Epidural pushes out- classic lens shape look
- Hematoma Subdural
- collection of blood in subdural space - between dura and arachnoid. Laceration of cortical blood vessels. Can be acute in severe injury, but usually slowly develops over days. On CT remember that Subdural "spreads slowly" with the classic crescent moon look.
- Hematoma Subdural - Chronic
- seen in elderly patients - brain atrophy allows brain to move more freely in cranial vault and bridging veins more susceptible to injury - slow onset of symptoms - headache, cog impairment, gait problems
- Hematoma Subdural - Acute
- Requires a serious injury to generate enough force to rupture the veins
- Hematoma - Intracerebral
- collection of blood within the brain - typically seen in injury to deep blood vessels - missle wounds, depressed skull fractures
- Hemiakinesia
- failure to use extremity contralateral to brain lesion but not due to primary motor deficit - often seen as part of neglect syndrome in right sided brain injury
- Hemialexia
- Inability to read in left visual field due to a corpus callosum lesion or visual neglect
- Hemianopia or Hemianopsia
- loss of vision for one half of visual field in one or both eyes
- Hemiplegia
- paralysis of one side of the body caused by brain injury - arm usually weaker than leg
- Hemispatial inattention or Hemispatial Neglect
- milder form of neglect of stimuli contralateral to brain lesion
- Hemispherectomy
- surgical removal of diseased hemisphere. Functional approach is commissurotomy and sparing of frontal and occipital poles
- Hemispheric Asymmetry
- Hemispheric specialization. Brain features both functional (language - left, visual/spatial - right) and structural (left larger planum temporale, right more white matter)asymmetry
- Hemorrhage
- Bleeding from vessel leakage or rupture
-
Hemorrhage - Cerebral
AKA
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
Parenchymal Hemorrhage
Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage - Bleeding within the hemispheres, brainstem, cerebellum or spinal cord. TBI or nontraumatic causes - hypertension, brain tumors, vascular issues,
- Hemorrhage Subdural
- typically traumatic in origin - bleeding of cerebral veins entering superior sagittal sinus are broken
- Hemorrhage- Subarachnoid
- bleeding in the CSF filled space between arachnoid and pia. Spontaneous/Nontraumatic - usually associated with aneurysm - severe headache. Traumatic is more common - TBI
-
Hemorrhage - Intraventricular (IVH)also called
Periventricular Hemorrhage (PVH) -
Common in prematurity - bleeding inside or around the ventricles.
Grade 1 - bleeding occurs just in a small area of the ventricles.
Grade 2 - bleeding also occurs inside the ventricles.
Grade 3 - ventricles are enlarged by the blood.
Grade 4 - bleeding into the brain tissues around the ventricles. - Hemosiderin
- protein residual of breakdown of blood Deposits form in locations of prior bleeding and can cause CNS dysfunction "siderosis"
- Herniation of the Brain
- abnormal protrusion of brain due to increased ICP. 2 types - Tonsilar - protrusion through foramen magnum (can be fatal as pressure is placed on medulla). Transtentorial - downward displacement through tentorial notch
- Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
- Viral brain infection- common cause of encephalitis. Impacts frontal and temporal lobes - memory impairment and seizures. Generally 1-2 week course
- Heschl's Gyrus
- primary auditory cortex/ inferior portion of sylvian fissure/ Brodmann 41, 42
- Heterophone
- word with 2 alternative pronunciations "read"
- Heterotopia
- neuromigrational disorder - neurons fail to migrate to expected locations. frequent mental retardation and developmental disorders
- Heterotopic Ossification
- abnormal bone growth into joint spaces of arms and legs - occurs frequently after TBI
- Hindbrain or Rhombencephalon
- pons, cerebellum,(metencephalon) medulla (myelencephalon)
- Hippocampus
- Part of limbic system - medial aspects of temporal lobe. Memory and learning functions, common seizure focus
- Hiscock-Hiscock Forced Choice Recognition Task
- forced choice digit recognition task designed to detect malingering
- H.M.
- famous patient of Scoville. H.M. suffered from declarative memory deficit and anterograde amnesia after bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
- Hoffmann sign
- hyperreflexive response indicative of potential upper motor neuron disease elicited by flicking third fingernail downward- the sign is present if thumb flexes and adducts in response
- Hold vs No Hold Tests
- Classic npsych term referring to tests thought to be resistant (hold) to brain injury such as vocabulary and those that are more sensitive (no hold) to brain pathology - digit symbol
- Holoprosencephaly
- neuromigrational disorder - 2 hemispheres form a single mass - craniofacial abnormalities and severe mental retardation
- Homonymous
- same effect on both sides
- Homonymous Hemianopsia
- analagous right or left half visual field cuts
- Homophone
- word having same pronunciation as another word but different spelling and meaning (sale sail)
- Homonculus
- representation of pre or post central gyrus sensory or motor functions depicted by drawing the associated parts of the body near their associated cortical region
- Hooper Visual Organization Test
- test of visual perceptual skills - requires patient to identify common objects from drawings that have been cut up
- Hoover's sign
- supine patient lifts nonparetic leg - normally downward movement in other leg - absence of this movement is positive Hoover's sign - suggests malingering
- Horner's Syndrome
- ptosis (eyelid drooping), miosis (pupil constriction), facial dryness (anhidrosis) - produced when sympathetic innervation to the eye is interrupted.
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
-
a retrovirus that attacks selected cells of immune, nervous and other systems
HIV can interrupt brain development, - may see cerbral atrophy, enlarged ventricles, microcephaly, worsening cognitive abilities over.May differentially impact subcortical and frontostriatal systems - white matter & deep gray structures. - Huntington's Disease
- autosomal dominant disorder - basal ganglia lesions lead to dementia, chorea, psychiatric symptoms. Behavioral symptoms can precede movement problems
- Hydrocephalus
- abnormal increase in CSF marked by dilitation of cerebral ventricles. Can occur via excess CSF production, obstructed CSF flow, descrease in CSF absorption
- Hydrocephalus - Communicating
- generally refers to situations in which there is no obstruction of ventricular system - can be due to impaired reabsorption or obstructions in the subarachnoid space - meningitis. Rarely but can be caused by excess CSF production
- Hydrocephalus - Noncommunicating
- obstruction of flow within ventricular system - tumors, hemorrhage, malformations
- Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo
- enlargement of ventricles as cerebral tissue atrophies - normal aging and conditions leading to tissue loss - stroke, TBI, etc.
- Hydrocephalus - Normal Pressure
- chronically dilated ventricles - seen in elderly - normal or intermittent ICP elevation. Clinical triad of gait difficulties, urinary incontinence, and mental decline
- Hydrocephalus - Symptoms & Signs
- Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Papilledema, eye movement problems. Npsych - visual spatial motor, pragamatic language,iq deficits, NLD presentation.
- Hyperacusis
- abnormally acute hearing - Bell's palsy - William's Syndrome
- Hyperesthesia
- increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli
- Hypergraphia
-
compulsion to write excessively
compulsion to write excessively
compulsion to write excessively
often with details of personal history - Hyperlexia
- above average reading ability - autism, mr - reading without understanding of meaning
- Hypermetria
- Voluntary movements overreach intended target
- Hyperreflexia
- excessive activity of tendon reflexes associated with upper motor neuron diseases loss of corticospinal tract inhibition
- Hypertelorism
- abnormally large distance between the eyes
- Hypertension
- elevated blood pressure - increased risk for vascular disorders that can impact CNS
- Hypertensive Encephalopathy
- acute rather than chronic hypertension that can lead to cerebral edema and punctate hemorrhages and realted headache, vomiting, visual disturbance, seizures or coma
-
Hyperthyroidism or
Grave's disease - excessive thryoid activity leads to emotional lability, anxiety, euphoria
- Hypertrophy
- enlargement in tissue not due to tumor formation
- Hypesthesia
- decreased sensitivity to stimulation
- Hypochondriasis
- excessive anxiety and fear about illness
- Hypoglycemia
- diminished blood glucose that may lead to headache, hypothermia, confusion, hallucination, seizures or coma
- Hyperkinesis
- excessive motor overactivity
- Hypokinesis
- abnormally diminished motor activity
- Hypometria
- abnormally small movements often associated with parkinson's disease
- Hypophonia
- low volume speech - weak voice
- Hyporeflexia
- depressed tendon reflexes suggestive of lower motor neuron disease
- Hyposmia
- abnormally decreased sensitivity to smell
- Hypotelorism
- abnormal closeness of the eyes
- Hypotension
- abnormally low blood pressure
- Hypothalamus
- part of diencephalon - hypothalamic nuclei integrate and regulate autonmonic functions, endocrine and pituitary activity, body temperature, food intake.
- Hypothermia
- low body temperature
- Hypothyroidism
- decreased or absent thyroid hormone. Can resemble dementia but with greater lethargy. Also see ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus.
- Hypotonia
- absent or decreased muscle tone
- Hypoxia
- moderate decrease in oxygen supply to tissue. Results from circulatory problems or red blood cell deficiencies (anemia, CO2 poisoning). Impacts hippocampal regions - frequent anterograde amnesia