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Comm. Health - Nursing Foundational Concepts, Roles, & Standards of Practice

Terms

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What is a community?
- persons who interact and have similar goals or interests
- share common social supports
- may or may not come from within the same geographical boundaries
- locally based entity composed of systems of formal organizations reflecting society's institutions, informal groups, and aggregates


What 3 dimensions are included in the definition of community?
1. People (community residents)
2. Place ( both geographic & time dimensions)
3. Function (aims & activities of the community) - to meet a wide variety of collective needs

What is a population?
- a large group
- collection of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics & reside in a community
What is an aggregate?
- a group within a population
What is health?
- a holistic, positive resource for everyday living
- includes physical, social, and personal capabilities
What is traditional health care?
- provides treatment to those with an illness
- individual is the focus
What is Population-focused health care?
- emphasis on reducing health inequalities for a defined population or aggregate, as opposed to individual-level care
What is downstream thinking?
- microscopic, individual, curative focus
- considers individual health concerns & treatments
- does not consider sociopolitical, economic, and environmental variables

What is upstream thinking?
- macroscopic "big picture", population health approach
- includes primary prevention perspective
- considers determinants of health

What are some examples of practice areas for community health?
- public health nursing
- home health nursing
- occupational health nursing
- parish nursing
- primary health care nurse practice
- outpost nursing




What is community health nursing?
1. an umbrella term for a variety of practice areas within the community
2. specialty nursing that involves working with the community as client to preserve, protect, promote, and maintain health
3. working WITH the people, not just FOR the people in assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation

What does the community health nurse do?
- works IN the community (providing health care to individuals and families) & - works WITH the community (because the CHN views the community itself as the client)
What are some important values for a CHN?
- dignity
- common good
- participation (essential)
- priority to vulnerable groups
- social justice (critical to address inequities)
- focus on future generations




What are some important principles for a CHN?
- context
- holistic
- long term view
- multisectoral
- variety of disciplines and sources generate knowledge
- public accountability




What is an advocate?
provides a voice to client concerns when necessary
What is a clinician or direct care provider?
provides hands-on care to the client
What is a collaborator?
involves client and interdisciplinary team members or interagency groups working together toward improving client health
What is a consultant?
provides ADVICE and information to client, health care providers, and agencies to assist in meeting clients' health care concerns
What is a counsellor?
provides SUPPORT to clients to facilitate their decision making in reference to emotional challenges
What is an educator?
facilitates client learning through teaching that is appropriate to client's situation
What is a facilitator?
works with clients and others to SET and FULFILL health GOALS
What is a health promotor or change agent?
assists clients in acknowledging need for lifestyle changes and taking responsibility for working toward identified change
What is a leader?
guides and encourages clients to take the initiative to explore options and make decisions to enable goal achievement
What is a liaison??
acts as an intermediary between clients and agencies and other health care providers
What is a manager?
plans and directs client care
What is a referral agent?
directs clients to additional appropriate resources in the community
What is a researcher?
investigates phenomena related to health and identifies opportunities for research
What are the expectations of CHN regarding the 5 standards of practice?
CHN are expected to meet and function beyond the level of the 5 standards in order to become experts
What are the 5 standards of practice for community health nursing?
1. PROMOTING health
2. BUILDING individual and community CAPACITY
3. BUILDING relationships
4. FACILITATING access & equity
5. DEMONSTRATING professional responsibility & ACCOUNTABILITY



What is public health?
- organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when necessary, restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population
- a combination of sciences, skills, and values that function through collective societal activities & involve programs, services, & institutions aimed at protecting & improving the health of all people
What are 6 major public health functions?
1. Health Protection
2. Health Promotion
3. Population Health Assessment
4. Public Health Surveillance
5. Injury & Disease Prevention
6. Emergency Preparedness & Response




What is the emphasis in public health?
prevention & management of chronic diseases

(shift from management of chronic diseases)

What is the distinct focus and scope of practice of public health nursing?
- population focused
- community as context
- health and preventative focused
- interventions occur at community or population level
- concerned with health of all members of the population or community, particularly vulnerable subpopulations
- considers the influence of determinants of health




What are the goals of public health nursing?
- to prevent disease
- to preserve, promote, and protect the health of the community
What is the difference between community health nurse and public health nurse?
- community health nursing is a broader term that encompasses other subspecialties (ex. public health nursing, home care nursing, and occupational health nursing)
What is primary prevention?
measures taken to PREVENT the occurrence of disease (ex. immunization)
What is secondary prevention?
seeks to DETECT DISEASE EARLY before clinical signs & symptoms (ex. screening)
What is tertiary prevention?
aims to INTERRUPT the course of the disease
- interventions aimed at minimizing disability & rehabilitation from disease, injury, or disability
(ex. physiotherapy, occupational therapy)

What is health promotion?
a process of empowering people to increase control over and improve their health
What is empowerment?
- means actively engaging the client to gain greater control
- involves political efficacy, improved quality of community life, & social justice
- not something that can be done "to" or "for"
- involves people discovering & using their own strengths


What is collaboration?
commitment of 2 or more parties (ex. agency, client, or professional) who sets goals to address identified client health concerns
What are some examples of people who CHNs collaborate with?
- nutritionists
- social workers
- physicians
- physiotherapists
- occupational therapists
- other health care professionals
- the CLIENT





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