Animab Beh. Exam 3
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- Humpbback Whale Hunting Technique
- Bubblenet H.B.W. blows bubbles to trap fish. Then they shoot up with mouths open.
- Runaway Selection
- Females choosing same traits over and over again for bigger and better babies. After a handicap becomes selected (rooster w/ bright tail) the handicap becomes exaggerated
- Willow Birds
- Lengthened/shortened tails -- mating success went up/down respectively Female choice
- Female choice of quality male in bowerbirds
- 1. Males lack fancy plumage 2. Males bild bower -- Weaves 2 free standing walls from sticks. 3. Decorates bower w/ shells, flowers and leaves. *Increases reproductive success *Convey info about males genetic quality.
- What does gift size determine?
- 1.Length of mating 2. Number of sperm transferred
- How can females determine if a male has good genes?
- Males indicate their quality in some way: *they sing *they dance *display ornaments *provide gifts
- 2 different classes of sexual selection
- Intrasexual Intersexual
- Intersexual Selection
- "material benefits" - Courtship feeding (nuptial gifts) - male prenatal care - resources limit female's number of babies
- Intrasexual Selection
- male - male competition - male dominance leads to "macho" traits - Giraffe's necks are long because of sexual selection
- Characteristics of Sexual Selection
- 1. Does not adapt the individual to the environment 2. Results in elaborate ornaments that are energetically costly to develop & maintain, or even lead to survival cost. 3. Sexual Dimorphism - Results in differential fitness of individuals due to competitive mating.
- Sexual Selection Theory
- - proposed by Charles Darwin - Secondary sexual characteristics of males evolved because females preferred to mate with individuals that had those features
- Advantages of Evolving Quickly
- 1. Adapt to constant environmental changes. 2. To keep ahead of parasites and diseases.
- Why sex?
- *genetic variation - products of genetic variation are stronger. * inherit & pass on genes
- commensalism
- One benefits, the other is not harmed (Shark & remora)
- Dilution Effect
- * Antipredator advantage of living in a group. *Swamping the predator *Safety in numbes *Decreased chance of predation when in large group.
- Greg Marshall
- Created the critter cam
- Selfish Herd Hypothesis
- *Individuals living in a group *Reproductively selfish *Living shields between themselves & danger (penguins)
- Unprofitability Advertisement Hypothesis
- Gazelle stots (straight in air with legs straight) Why? *Communicate to cheetah *Gazelle is prepared to run *Abandon the chase *Odds of capture decreased
- Migration of Zooplankton
- Vertical migration - 12 hours in freshwater - 6 hours in ocean
- Caribbean spiny lobster migration
- Winter - shallow coastal waters to deep Spring - return *Up to 50 in single file *Possible link to reproduction.
- Migration of Humpback Whale
- Summer - Artic (for plankton) Winter - Tropical/sub tropical live off fat reserves
- Migration of Spinner Dolphins & Blacktip Sharks
- Gather in nursing areas as far North as North Carolina
- Migration of Wildebeest
- *Migrate for water *Millions migrate (sometimes in single file line) *PLains of Serengeti to Lake Victoria *Return to South to breed by the rainy season
- Migration of Northern Elephant Seals
- Double Migration *Migrate North 2 times a year (Spring & Winter to California) (Summer & Fall to Alaska)
- Migration of Arctic Tern
- Longest Migration Award *Breeding season in Arctic -- 24 hours sunshine -- Summer days get short & triggers migration *Winters in Antarctic -- 24 hours sun *Total distance -- 22,000 miles in 90 days (rests on wind currents)
- Migration of Red-Winged Black Bird
- Temporarily reverses its direction if bad weather is encountered.
- Migration of American Gold Plover
- *All or none *Northern part of North America to Southern part of South America
- Triggers of Migration
- *Preparation - Cued by photoperiod - Seasonal changes in fat (30-40% of body weight added) - Increased ability to burn fat *Migratory restlessness *Imitation - triggered by sufficient fat stores
- Why migrate?
- *To tropics/subtropics - Long days = quick development of young - Seasonally rich food supplies - Lower competition *Leave harsh altitudes - lack of food - bad weather
- Who migrates?
- Birds Bats Insects Large Mammals Invertebrates
- Migration
- *Seasonal movement from one location to another. *Usually round trip, but not always.
- Bee Communication
- Bee Dances 1.) Round dance Food 20-75 meters from hive 2. Waggles dances Food further than 75 meters
- Lond Distance Sound Transmission
- *Humpback whales -Songs 5-35 miuntes -Long sequences of varied sounds organized into patterns (used for competition for mating)
- Low-Frequency Sound & Seismic Vibrations
- White Lipped Frog (Puerto Rico) - substrate born vibrations -Sound depends on type of substrate - As if saying "in the mood?"
- Echolocation
- Larynx -> Nose -> Bounce Off Prey -> Comes Back To Ears *Bats emit sound frequency wave used in prey location
- Sound
- *Transmitted through change (modulation) *Frequency, amplitude, duration
- Surface Waves
- Water Strider Spiders *Males send ripples (frequency) - sex - determining sex - territoriality - food defense - laying eggs
- Can Animals Lie?
- Yes! Example: Rock Ptarmign Males are bright white, females are brown. Females prefer bright white, but being that bright is dangerous. So, after sex the males roll around in dirt to seem like female and blend in
- Metacommunication
- One display changes the meaning that follows (Cats and dogs doing play bows. They assume that after we seem them bow we know they want to play)
- Syntax
- Change in the sequence of behaviors change the meaning (coqui bird) co-co-co-qui (dominant) qui-qui-qui-co (wimp)
- Composite Signals
- 2 or more combines (cat with ears back & hissing)
- Distance & Duration
- *Skunk - Instant & long distance duration *Stink bugs - Release alarm chemicals & short term
- Graded Signals
- Vary in intensity (baboon during ovulation)
- Discrete Signal
- *All or none (ears up - happy) (ears down - unhappy)
- Oldest Type Of Communication
- Odor (Can travel through darkness, around trees, etc.)
- Elephant Communication
- *Low frequency sound *Seismic vibrations *Infrasound
- adaptive
- Signal and/or the response = genetically programmed
- Communication
- An action by one organism that alters the behavioral pattern of another in a way that is adaptive to one or both participants.