Beh Sci
Terms
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- Tanner stage1 : childhood
- nipples may be slightly elev in fem
- Tanner stage 2
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scant, straight, pubic hair
Boys: testes enlarge, scrotal texture
Girls: slight elev of breast - Tanner Stage 3
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pubic hair more, curly
boys: penis inc length, testes enlarge - Tanner Stage 4
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boys: penis inc width, glans develops, scrotum darkens
girls: areola rises above rest of breast - Tanner Stage 5: Adulthood
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pubic hair on thighs
girls: areola no longer rises above the rest of the breast - What do you give to stabilize the autonomic nervous system during opiate withdrawal?
- clonidine
- BMI
- wt(kg) / ht^2 (m)
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Developmental Milestones
3 mos -
Motor: hold head up, no Moro (startle reflex)
Social: social smile -
Developmental Milestones
4-5 mos -
Motor: rolls front to back, sits when propped up
Social: recognizes people -
Developmental Milestones
7-9 mos -
Motor: sits alone
Social: stranger anxiety, orients to voice, can respond to own name -
Developmental Milestones
10 mos - Motor: can transfer object from one hand to the other
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Developmental Milestones
12-14 mos - Motor: Babinski gone
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Developmental Milestones
15 mos -
Motor: walks
Social: a few words, separation anxiety -
Developmental Milestones
12-24 mos -
Motor: climbs stairs, stacks 3 blocks
Cognitive: object permanence -
Developmental Milestones
18-24 mos -
Motor: stacks 6 blocks
Cognitive: Rapprochement -
Developmental Milestones
2-4 years - parallel play, core gender identity
- When does toilet training usual occur?
- 30-36 mos
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Developmental Milestones
3 yrs -
Motor: rides TRIcycle, draw a circle
Social: group play -
Developmental Milestones
4 yrs -
Motor: simple line drawings, hops on 1 foot
Social : cooperative play (role-playing) -
Developmental Milestones
6-11 yrs - Motor: development of superego (conscience), same-sex friends, identification with same sex parent
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Developmental Milestones
Puberty/Adolescence -
Boys: 13
Girls: 11
abstract reasoning, formation of personality - APGAR
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Appearance (color)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration - When do you not need parental consent? (4)
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1. Emergency (can get court order if time and parents refuse)
2. Pregnancy/the pill
3. STD
4. Drug addiction
(Don't Say Enything to Parents ) - Advance directive
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-Oral directive considered valid (may be most important factor to consider if patient was informed, repeated wishes over time)
-Power of Attorney (surrogate) overrides living will (if surrogate was pre-appointed, like making a "living" living will) - Chi square test
- compares percentages or proportions (people are grouped and # of people in each group are compared)
- T test
- the data must be numbers b/c you have to be able to compare means
- What kind of information is collected in a Case-Control study?
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Risk factors
-participants are chosen based on whether or not they have a disease
-Retrospective - What kind of information is collected in a Cohort study?
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Disease development
-participants chosen based on presence/absence or risk factors
-Prospective, followed over time - Cohort study: Odds ratio or Relative Risk?
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Relative risk!
disease risk in exposed group / disease risk in unexposed group
RR is the easy calc:
[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]
To calculate attributable risk, subtract
a/(a+b) - c/(c+d) - Case-Control study: Odds ratio or Relative Risk?
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Odds ratio
(is an approximation of rel risk - but only if prevalence of dz is not too high)
To calculate: Cross Multiply! (ad / bc)
{case contROl, cROss multipy, Odds Ratio} - Positive Predictive value
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positives / positive tests
a/(a+b) - Negative Predictive value
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disease free / negative tests
d/(c+d) - PREdictive values depend on PREvalence: how?
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Inc prevalence -> Inc PPV
Dec prevalence -> Inc NPV - Sensitivity
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a/(a+c)
true positives / all w/ dz
PID (pos in dz) is Sensitive
SeNsitivity rules out (SNOUT) - Specificity
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d/(b+d)
true negatives / all people w/o dz
-good for a confirmatory test
(SPIN: specificity rules in) - Does incidence include everyone in the population?
- Not necessarily - only the people who could conceivably have the dz. For one thing, you have to subtract out those who already have the disease.
- What percentage of a normally distributed population is w/in 1 std dev of the mean? 2 std dev? 3 std dev?
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68% w/in one std dev (1/2 above, below mean)
95% w/in 2 std dev
99.7 w/in 3 std dev