nervous system - anatomy
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- the nervous system has two principal divisions called the central nervous system and the ___
- peripheral nervous system
- the central nervous system consists of the brain and the ___
- spinal cord
- the peripheral nervous system has senfory receptors located in the ___
- sense organs
- there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of ___
- cranial nerves
- nerve impulses from the central nervous system are transmitted to the glands and the ___
- muscles
- the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the smatic division and the ___
- autonomic division
- sensory nerves are also known as ___
- afferent
- motor nerves are also known as ___
- efferent
- another name for a nerve cell is ___
- neuron
- supporting cells of the nervous system are called ___
- glial cells
- in the CNS, those glial cells that wrap extensions of their plasma membranes about neurons and form sheaths are called ___
- oligodendrocytes
- those star-shaped glial cells with cytoplasm extended into elongated processes to form the blood-brain barrier are called ___
- astrocyte
- glial cells that phagocytize invading microorganisms are called ___
- microglia
- in the PNS, the glial cells that wrap themselves around neurons are the ___
- schwann cell
- in the PNS, schwann cells for the ___
- myelin sheath
- the structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the ___
- neuron
- neurons with many dendrites and a single long axon are known as_____
- multipolar neurons
- neurons with only one dendrite and one axon are known as ___
- bipolar neurons
- most sensory neurons are neurons described as ___
- unipolar neurons
- neurons that transmit information from receptors to the CNS are called afferent neurons, or ___
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons relay impulses from the CNS to the glands or the ___
- muscles
- motor neurons are also known as ____
- efferent neurons
- the neurons that link sensory and motor neurons to one another are association neurons, also called ___
- interneurons
- the neucleus and most organelles are contained in that part of the neuron called the ___
- cell body
- proteins are synthesized at an organelle of the cell body known as the ___
- nissl body
- impulses are conductd away from the cell body by a long extension called the ___
- axon
- a nerve fiber is composed of bundles of ___
- axons &/or dendrites
- at the ends of axons are located thousands of microscopic brances called ___
- axon terminals
- chemical substances released at the axon terminals are referred to as ___
- neurotransmitters
- the covering that provides insualtion to the axons is the ___
- myelin sheath
- between successive schwann cells or oligodendrite extensions are gaps called the ___
- nodes of ranvier
- Deterioration of patches of myelin can result in a condition called ___
- MS
- the outer portion of schwann cells that surrounds the axon is called the ___
- neurilemma
- a nerve consists of several bundles of axons and/or dendrites in which each bundle is known as a ___
- fascicle
- the cell bodies of neurons are often grouped together in a mass referred to as a ___
- ganglion
- the first activity in the body's response to a stimulus is called ___
- reception
- a neuron that is not transmitting a nerve impuls is a ___
- resting neuron
- because the regions inside and outside the membrane of a resting neuron have opposite electrical charges, the resting neuron is said to be ___
- polarized
- the difference in electrical potential in a resting neuron is called the ___
- resting potential
- outisde the plasma membraneof a resting neuron there is a high concentration of ___
- sodium ions
- outside the plasma membrane of a resting neuron, the electrical charge is ___
- positive
- to maintain the sodium-potassium pump, energy must be supplied from ___
- ATP
- another name for the nerve impulse is the ___
- action potential
- once the nerve impulse has moved down the axon, the neuron membrane must ___
- repolarize
- in its depolarized state, the neuron is said to be ___
- refractory
- the same nerve impulse will develop in a neuron regardless of the strength of the stimulus; this is called the ___
- all-or-none law
- the junction where two neurons come together is the ___
- synapse
- the space within the synapse that may be filled by neurotransmitters is the ___
- synaptic cleft
- the neurotransmitter t hat stimulates muscles at the neuromuscular junction is ___
- acetylcholin
- a well-known neurotransmitter released by neurons of the sympathetic system and the brain is ___
- norepinephrine
-
the PNS is composed of:
a)brain & cranial nverves
b)sensory receptors & nerves
c)brain & spinal cord
d)spinal cord & sensory receptors - B
-
the brain & spinal cord are components of the:
a) PNS
b) autonomic nervous system
c) sensory nervous system
d) CNS - D
-
the axon is not insulated with myelin:
a)at the cell body
b)at the nodes of ranvier
c) in the brain
d) in the autonomic nervous system - B
-
MS is caused by:
a)deterioration of patches of myelin
b)absence of axon terminal
c)inability to release neurotransmitters
d)absence of schwann cells - A
-
the perineurium & epineurium are associated with:
a)neurilemma
b)dendrites
c)nerves
d)neuroglia - C
-
the primary effectors of nerve activity in the body are the:
a)neurons
b)bones & glands
c)axons & dendrites
d)glands & muscles - D
-
the synapse is an area that occurs:
a)between the cell body & axons
b)only at the sensory receptors
c)between dendrites & cell bodies
d)between two neurons - D
-
in a resting neuron, the inner surface of the plasma membrane:
a)carries a positive charge
b)is uncharged
c)carries a negative chage
d)carries both a positive & negative charge - C
-
a resting neuron:
a)is polarized
b)has no myelin sheath
c)has axons but no dendrites
d)has not cytoplasm - A
-
a nerve impulse is the same thing as the:
a)nissl body
b)action potential
c)resting potential
d)synaptic potential - B
-
the ions that maintain the ionic imbalance in a resting neuron are:
a)sulfur & boron
b)oxygen & carbon
c)beryllium & radon
d)potassium & sodium - D
-
whenstimulated, the membrane of the neuron:
a)contracts
b)undergoes depolarization
c)expands
d)begins to synthesize protein - B
-
the neuron repolarizes after a nerve impulse passes by the influx of:
a)carbon isotopes
b)hydrogen ions
c)oxygen atoms
d)potassium ions - D
-
a synapse occurring between a neuron & a muscle cell is called a:
a)desmosome
b)gap junction
c)neuromuscular junction
d)synovial junction - C
-
all the following are possible neurotransmitters except:
a)pitressin b)norepinephrine c)acetylcholine d)dopamine - A
-
once acetylcholine has been utilized in a synapse, it is:
a)left in place
b)broken down
c)converted to an enzyme
d)converted to potassium ions - B
- the two main divisions of the nervous system are the PNS and (inner) nervous system.
- central
- afferent nerves are slo called (motor) nerves
- sensory
- the two main types of cells in the nervous system are nerve cells and (glial) cells
- true
- the star-shaped (oligodendrocytes) are glial cells that have long processes and help form the blood-brain barrier.
- astrocytes
- neuroglia provide (support) to the nerve cells
- true
- neurons with a single extension functioning as both an axon and dendrite are called (bipolar) neurons
- unipolar
- motor neurons transmit impulses from the (peripheral) nervous system to the muscles and the glands
- central
- one function of the association neurons is to linksensory neurons to (afferent) neurons
- motor
- the nucleus of a neuron is found in the (axon)
- cell body
- the three neurotransmitters of the catecholamine group ar edopamine, epinephrine, and (norepinephrine)
- true
- nerve cell extensions that are specialized to receive nerve impulses are the (axons)
- dendrites
- a nerve (cord) is really a bundle of axons and/or dendrites
- fiber
- chemicals called (neurotransmitters) are released by the nerve cells at the synaptic knobs
- true
- the nodes of ranvier are places on the dendrite where there is (myelin)
- no myelin
- the white matter of the brain is due to the white color of the (cytooplasm) surrounding nerve cells.
- myelin
- a (ganglion) is a mass of cell bodies of several neurons
- true
- the place where an axon comes close to but does not join a dendrite is called a (synergism)
- synapse
- a resting neuron is (polarized) because of the difference in electrical charges on either side of its membrane
- true
- outside the plasma membrane of a resting neuron, the concentration of (hydrogen) ions is ten times greater than inside
- sodium
- energy to power the sodium-potassium pump is derived from (NAD) molecules within the cytoplasm of the neuron
- ATP
- to stimulate a nerve impulse, a stimulus alters the resting potential by increasing the permeability of the (nuclear membrane)
- plasma membrane
- an action potential, a wave of deplarization in a nerve cell, is the same as the (nerve impulse)
- true
- the same impulse will be generated in a nerve cell regardless of the size of the stimulus once the threshold has been reached. this is called the (threshold) law
- all or none
- without (neurotransmitters) such as acetylcholine, a nerve impulse could not be propagated across the synapse.
- true
- the process of (endocytosis)acounts for the release of neurontransmitter into the synaptic cleft
- exocytosis